نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی
نویسندگان
1 National Herbarium of Pakistan (Stewart Collection), Plant Genetic Resources Institute, PARC-National Agricultural Research Centre, Islamabad, Pakistan
2 Department of Botany, University of Peshawar, Peshawar 25120, Pakistan
3 Department of Plant Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, 45320, Pakistan
4 Department of Botany, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
5 Department of Botany, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan
6 Department of Natural Science, University of Baltistan, Gilgit- Baltistan, Pakistan
چکیده
کلیدواژهها
موضوعات
عنوان مقاله [English]
نویسندگان [English]
This study, conducted from 2017 to 2022, assessed and annotated a checklist of angiosperm species and their ecological attributes from the eroded areas along the River Kurram across an altitudinal gradient. The annotated list comprises 425 species belonging to 91 families, including 342 dicotyledonous species (80.47%) and 83 monocotyledonous species (19.52%). Among the families, Poaceae was dominant, comprising 42 species (9.88%), followed by Asteraceae with 37 species (8.70%). Fabaceae and Amaranthaceae each had 32 species (7.52%), with an additional 23 species (5.41%) for Amaranthaceae. Solanaceae also had 32 species (7.52%), followed by Brassicaceae with 15 species (3.52%), and Euphorbiaceae and Polygonaceae each with 13 species (3.05%). The remaining families had 12 species (2.82%) or fewer. The biological spectrum showed that therophytes were the most prevalent life form, with 228 species (53.64%), followed by hemicryptophytes with 44 species (10.35%), nanophanerophytes with 39 species (9.17%), and geophytes with 32 species (7.52%). The leaf size spectrum revealed that nanophylls accounted for 138 species (32.47%), followed by microphylls with 119 species (28.00%), while 10 species were aphyllous. Additionally, 286 species (67.29%) had a simple leaf lamina, and 24 species (5.64%) had a spiny leaf lamina. The habitats in the study area are severely affected by continuous landslides and soil erosion, primarily due to overflooding and other natural disasters.
کلیدواژهها [English]
Introduction
Vegetation coverage is important for the ecological environment and can indicate climate, edaphic conditions, and elevation (Zhou et al., 2006; Hussain et al., 2020). The River Kurram is a biodiversity hotspot with unique species diversity due to altitudinal variation (Gilani et al., 2003; Badshah et al., 2016). It passes through the Kurram district, originating from small streams and meeting with Kirman downstream. The river receives occasional float torrents from Koh-e-Safaid and rain drainage from the hills at Parachinar. It enters North Waziristan after passing through Parachinar and crosses into Bannu district before joining the river Indus near Isa Khel. The river flattens out in the Bannu district and flows into the Indus in the Mianwali district (Sajida et al., 2013; Yousaf et al., 2018).
Soil erosion is a major issue that decreases agricultural productivity, water capacity, and soil fertility, leading to vegetation degradation (Wu et al., 1994). The vegetation in these eroded areas is highly disturbed due to overflooding during the monsoon rainfall season, which is often linked to anthropogenic activities such as the construction of bridges, roads, and buildings. The areas adjacent to the river are at high risk of landslides and soil erosion due to overflooding during the monsoon rains, leading to ecological problems. Therefore, the terrain varies from mountainous to plain slopes. The climate of the area, based on the elevation gradient, ranges from dry temperate (Koh-e-Safaid) to tropical areas (River Indus at Mianwali). The majority of the area lies along the banks of the River Kurram, consisting of agricultural fields, and most of the region is now covered by the Billion Tree Tsunami project, which aims to protect against landslides and soil erosion along the riverbank. Consequently, most of the investigated area contains various water bodies along the riverbanks, such as ponds, marshy areas, streams, canals, drainage ditches, and small ponds. Many irrigation canals and civil channels branch off from the River Kurram, irrigating around 32,000 hectares (80,000 acres) of land (Khair et al., 2021).
Abbas et al., (2020) collected and studied an annotated list of angiosperms from eroded regions along the river Kurram, focusing on phytoecological characteristics. However, it is important to also consider human livelihoods in relation to vegetation patterns in mountain regions, as people rely on diverse vegetation for their livelihoods (Byers & Sainju, 1994). Incorporating local ethnobotanical knowledge into plant ecological research can help validate diversity patterns and promote collaboration with local communities in biodiversity assessment and conservation management (Shrestha & Medley, 2017; Sop et al., 2012)
Floristic assessment is essential for the exploration, sustainable utilization and conservation of plant biodiversity and their ecological management, providing the basis for further comprehensive research (Noor et al., 2020). The diversity and ecological characteristics of the angiosperms of a particular area depend upon environmental conditions, including climate, edaphic condition and elevation (Khan et al., 2013a). Thus ecological characteristics, such as life form, leaf spectra and phenological patterns, can be used as indicators of prevailing environmental conditions (Khan et al., 2012). The study of floristic composition is a common taxonomic practice as it provides the baseline information for subsequent, more detailed ecological investigation as well as planning for conservation and sustainable management of the resources of the area. The concept of life form was first introduced by Humboldt with the term vegetative form (Nicolson, 2013). It ranked next to floristic composition in ecological studies and is the outcome of the adaptation of plants to certain climatic conditions. Amber et al., (2019), the life form of a plant reflects the climate of the area and is also useful in comparing the geographical distribution of plant communities.
However, the objectives of the current investigation are to assess the angiospermic checklist and their phytoecological characteristics from the eroded areas lying at the bank of river Kurram. Further, the impact of land sliding and soil erosion on vegetation degradation which is due to over flooding during the moon soon rainfall at that high altitude region of the investigated area. Moreover, the study also focused on whether vegetation type is linked with environmental conditions of the areas that predict the climate and edaphic conditions at different altitudinal gradients. In addition to this Alternanthera philoxeroides was recorded among the angiospermic checklist for the first to Flora of Pakistan. Hence, the land sliding and soil erosion due to over flooding in the studied area causes land as well as vegetation degradation for which we should plant deep rooted tree covers along both sides river to protect the land and conserve vegetation from this natural disaster.
Materials and Methods
Study area and data collections
This study was carried out on vegetation of eroded areas lying on the bank of river Kurram, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan along with an elevational gradient (Figure 1). For this study, only angiospermic species were collected from the different hotspots from 2017 to 2022 (Table 1). The area varies from mountainous to plane slopes so, based on elevation gradient the area lies in between temperate to tropical zones which show variation in their climate. The temperature was recorded at their temperate zone (Koh-e-safaid) in summer maximum of 25.43 °C while, in winter reached to –1.0 °C. But, in their tropical region (river Indus near Isa Khel, district Mianwali) maximum temperature in summer is 46.12 °C whereas, in winter reaches 10.81°C was recorded in the month of July. Similarly, rainfall and relative humidity vary from area to area because the investigated lie with an altitudinal gradient. Each plant specimens were properly photographed by camera in the field (Plates 1 – 3). Therefore, the collected specimens were properly preserved, dried and pressed with blotting paper, tagged with and then passed through the poisoning process. Further, the plants were mounted on standard herbarium sheets with field information. Further, the preserved specimens were properly identified from Flora of Pakistan (https://www.tropicos.org/Project/Pakistan), and from the previously published data (Ali, 2008; Ali & Nasir, 1989; Ali & Qaiser, 1986). For, the valid scientific names of plants were followed by plants of the world online (https://powo.science.kew.org/), and confirmed from international plant names index (https://www.ipni.org/). After, identification the plant specimens were deposited to the Herbarium of the Botany Department University of Peshawar (HUP).
Figure 1. Red dot showing the collection sites in study area (River Kurram).
Ecological characteristics
In this study, angiosperm species were classified based on the biological spectrum classes such as life form, leaf size, leaf lamina and habit as well as habitats according to Raunkiaer (1934), Hussain (1989) and Hussain et al., (2020). Further, the percentage of each class was determined by following Badshah et al., (2013), Hussain et al., (2015), and Zaman & Badshah (2021).
Results and Discussion
Angiosperm configuration
The present study was the first time attempt to enlist the angiospermic diversity and their phytoecological characteristics from the eroded areas at the river Kurram (Table 1). The current study comprised 425 species of angiosperms belonging to 89 families (Table 2). It included 342 (80.47%) dicotyledonous (Eudicots) and 83 (19.52%) monocotyledonous (Monocots) species belonging to 70 (78.65%) and 19 (21.35%) families respectively (Table 1 - 3). The leading family was Poaceae with 42 species (21%), followed by Asteraceae with 37 species (19%), Fabaceae with 32 species (16%), Amaranthaceae with 23 species (5.41%), Solanaceae with 20 species (10%), Brassicaceae with 15 species (8%), Euphorbiaceae and Polygonaceae each with 13 species (6,7,7%), Apiaceae 12 species (6%) and the remaining family like Cyperaceae and Rosaceae each with 11 species (2.58%), Lamiaceae with 10 species (2.35%), Apocyanaceae, Boraginaceae, Cucurbitaceae, Malvaceae and Scrophulariaceae each with 8 species (1.88%), Mimosaceae, Myrtaceae and Plantaginaceae each with 6 species (1.41%), Zygophyllaceae with 5 species (1.17%), Arecaceae, Juncaceae, Caryophyllaceae and Convolvulaceae each with 4 species (0.94%). However, the remaining families with three species or less than three are represented in (Table 1). For each species, all the preliminary data like local name, common name, life form, leaf size, leaf lamina, habit, habitat and family were provided in (Table 1). From this annotated checklist one species for the first time recorded in viz., Alternanthera philoxeroides. In addition, a few species were investigated as invasive namely, Alternanthera philoxeroides, Broussonetia papyrifera, Parthenium hysterophorus, Solanum elaeagnifolium, Verbesina encelioides and Tagetes minuta from the studied area which is considered as an agricultures threats.
Table 1. Angiospermic flora and ecological characteristics from eroded regions along River Kurram, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. G: Geophytes, Th: Therophytes, H: Hemocryptophytes, Hydro: Hydrophytes, Ch: Chamaephytes, Np: Nanophanerophytes, MicP: Microphanerophytes, Mesp: Mesophenerophytes, Megp: Megaphenerophytes, AP: Aphyllous, L: Leptophyll, Na: Nanophyll, Mic: Microphyll, Mes: Mesophyll, Mac: Microphyll, Meg: Megaphylly, S: Simple, Sp: Spiny, Com: Compound, Dis: Dissected, Abs: absent, H: Herb, S: Shrub, T: Tree, C: Climber, L: Liana, Af: Agricultural fields, D: Dry slopes, W: Wet places, Cu: Cultivated, Gy: Graveyards, F: Forest, M: Moist places, W: Wet, I: Introduced, Epi: Epiphyte.
S. No |
Botanical Name |
Local Name |
English Name |
Voucher Specimen |
Life Form |
Leaf Size |
Leaf Lamina |
Habit |
Habitat |
(Monocotyledonous flora): Alismataceae |
|||||||||
1. |
Alisma plantago-aquatica Linn. |
Abay-beta |
Mad-dog weed |
A200027-PUH |
Hydro |
Mac |
S |
H |
W |
2. |
Sagittaria trifolia Linn. |
Abay-gull |
Chinese Arrowroot |
A200028-PUH |
Hydro |
Mes |
Com |
H |
W |
Amaryllidaceae |
|||||||||
3. |
Allium cepa Linn. |
Piyaz |
Onion |
A200029-PUH |
G |
Mes |
S |
H |
Af |
4. |
Allium sativum Linn. |
Yeezha |
Garlic |
A200030-PUH |
G |
Mes |
S |
H |
Af |
Araceae |
|||||||||
5. |
Colocasia esculenta (Linn.) Schott |
Kurchali |
Taro |
A200031-PUH |
G |
Meg |
S |
H |
Af |
6. |
Pistia stratiotes Linn. |
Abay-beta |
Water lettuce |
A200032-PUH |
Hydro |
Na |
S |
H |
W |
Arecaceae |
|||||||||
7. |
Livistona chinensis (Jacq.) R.Br. ex Mart. |
Mazuri-hajera |
Chinese fan palm |
A200033-PUH |
Np |
Mes |
Com |
S |
I |
8. |
Nannorrhops ritchieana (Griff.) Aitch. |
Mazra |
Mazari palm |
A199610-PUH |
Np |
Meg |
Com |
S |
D |
9. |
Phoenix dactylifera Linn. |
Hajera |
Date palm |
A200035-PUH |
Megp |
Mes |
Com |
T |
D |
10. |
Phoenix loureiroi Kunth |
Zhangli Hajera |
Mountain date palm |
A200034-PUH |
Megp |
Mes |
Com |
T |
D |
Asparagaceae |
|||||||||
11. |
Asparagus monophyllus Baker |
Kabra-beta |
Sparrow grass |
A199611-PUH |
Ch |
L |
Abs |
S |
Gy |
Asphodelaceae |
|||||||||
12. |
Asphodelus tenuifolius Cav. |
Piozikai |
Weed of fields |
A199612-PUH |
G |
Na |
S |
H |
D |
Canaceae |
|||||||||
13. |
Canna indica Linn. |
Valla-gorha gull |
Purple arrowroot |
A199613-PUH |
Ch |
Meg |
S |
H |
M |
Ceratophyllaceae |
|||||||||
14. |
Ceratophyllum demersum Linn. |
Unknown |
Coontail |
A199615-PUH |
Hydro |
Mes |
S |
H |
W |
Cyperaceae |
|||||||||
15. |
Bolboschoenus affinis (Roth) Drobow |
Dilliye |
Sea clubrush |
A199614-PUH |
G |
Na |
S |
H |
M |
16. |
Cyperus alopecuroides Rottb. |
Diloka |
Smooth flatsedge. |
A199619-PUH |
G |
Mic |
S |
H |
M |
17. |
Cyperus difformis Linn. |
Diloka |
Rice sedge |
A199617-PUH |
G |
Na |
S |
H |
M |
18. |
Cyperus flavidus Retz. |
Unknown |
Unknown |
A199625-PUH |
G |
Na |
S |
H |
W |
19. |
Cyperus michelianus subsp. pygmaeus (Rottb.) Asch. & Graebn. |
Unknown |
Dwarf flat sedge |
A199616-PUH |
G |
Na |
S |
H |
W |
20. |
Cyperus rotundus Linn. |
Diloka |
Purple nut sedge |
A199618-PUH |
G |
Na |
S |
H |
M |
21. |
Eleocharis geniculata (Linn.) Roem. & Schult. |
Howar |
Spikerush |
A199620-PUH |
G |
Na |
S |
H |
W |
22. |
Eleocharis palustris (Linn.) Roem. & Schult. |
Unknown |
Marsh spike-rush |
A199621-PUH |
G |
Na |
S |
H |
W |
23. |
Fimbristylis dichotoma (Linn.) Vahl |
Abay-beta |
Forked fimbry |
A199622-PUH |
G |
Mic |
S |
H |
W |
24. |
Schoenoplectus litoralis (Schrad.) Palla |
Abay-beta |
Club-rush |
A199623-PUH |
G |
Na |
S |
H |
M |
25. |
Schoenoplectus triqueter (Linn.) Palla |
Abay-Rabuz |
Bulrush |
A199624-PUH |
G |
AP |
S |
H |
M |
Hydrocharitaceae |
|||||||||
26. |
Hydrilla verticillata (Linn.f.) Royle |
Abay-beta |
Waterthyme /Hydrilla |
A199626-PUH |
Hydro |
Mes |
S |
H |
W |
27. |
Vallisneria spiralis Linn. |
Abay-beta |
Eel grass |
A199627-PUH |
Hydro |
Mes |
S |
H |
W |
Iridaceae |
|||||||||
28. |
Iris aitchisonii (Baker) Boiss. |
Gull-nargus |
Lilly |
A199628-PUH |
G |
Mes |
S |
H |
D |
29. |
Moraea sisyrinchium (Linn.) Ker Gawl. |
Diliyee |
Barbary Nut |
A199629-PUH |
G |
Mes |
S |
H |
D |
Juncaceae |
|||||||||
30. |
Juncus articulatus Linn. |
Warha-Rabuz |
Jointed rush |
A199633-PUH |
G |
Na |
S |
H |
M |
31. |
Juncus bufonius Linn. |
Abay- khwar |
Toad rush |
A199630-PUH |
G |
Na |
S |
H |
M |
32. |
Juncus inflexus Linn. |
Rabuz |
Soft rush |
A199632-PUH |
G |
Na |
S |
H |
M |
33. |
Juncus maritimus Lam. |
Ghta -Rabuz |
Sea rush |
A199631-PUH |
G |
Na |
S |
H |
M |
Lemnaceae |
|||||||||
34. |
Lemna minor Linn. |
Abay rush |
Common Duckweed |
A199634-PUH |
Hydro |
L |
Abs |
H |
W |
Musaceae |
|||||||||
35. |
Musa × paradisiaca Linn. |
Kela |
Banana |
A199635-PUH |
H |
Meg |
S |
H |
Cu |
Orchidaceae |
|||||||||
36. |
Zeuxine strateumatica (Linn.) Schltr. |
Speen–beta |
Lawn orchid |
A199637-PUH |
H |
Mic |
S |
H |
D |
Poaceae |
|||||||||
37. |
Alopecurus myosuroides Huds. |
Khowar |
Black-grass |
A199639-PUH |
H |
Na |
S |
H |
D |
38. |
Apluda mutica Linn. |
Khawar |
Para grass |
A199638-PUH |
H |
Na |
S |
H |
D |
39. |
Aristida cyanantha Steud. |
Speen lummi |
Wire grass |
A199640-PUH |
H |
Na |
S |
H |
D |
40. |
Arundo donax Linn. |
Nall |
Giant reed |
A199641-PUH |
Ch |
Mic |
S |
H |
M |
41. |
Avena fatua Linn. |
Karyarha |
Wild oat |
A199642-PUH |
Th |
Mic |
S |
H |
M |
42. |
Avena sativa Linn. |
Karyana |
Oat |
A199644-PUH |
Th |
Mic |
S |
H |
M |
43. |
Bambusa arundinacea (Retz.) Willd. |
Bosh |
Bamboo |
A199643-PUH |
Th |
Na |
S |
H |
Cu |
44. |
Bromus catharticus Vahl. |
Khowar |
Prairiee grass |
A199647-PUH |
Th |
Mic |
S |
H |
D |
45. |
Bromus japonicus Thunb. |
Khowar |
Brome grass |
A199646-PUH |
Th |
Mic |
S |
H |
M |
46. |
Cenchrus biflorus Roxb. |
Kapray aghzay |
Indian sandbur |
A199648-PUH |
H |
L |
S |
H |
D |
47. |
Cenchrus ciliaris Linn. |
Qarashkai |
African foxtail grass |
A199650-PUH |
H |
Na |
S |
H |
D |
48. |
Cymbopogon citratus (DC.) Stapf |
Limon-grass |
Lemon grass |
A199652-PUH |
H |
Mes |
S |
H |
Cu |
49. |
Cymbopogon jwarancusa (Jones ex Roxb.) Schult. |
Sargurha |
Jwarancusa Grass |
A199651-PUH |
H |
Mic |
S |
H |
D |
50. |
Cynodon dactylon (Linn.) Pers. |
Baruwa |
Bermuda grass |
A199653-PUH |
H |
Mic |
S |
H |
M |
51. |
Dactyloctenium aegyptium (Linn.) Willd. |
Khwar |
Egyptian crowfoot grass |
A199655-PUH |
Th |
Na |
S |
H |
D |
52. |
Dactyloctenium scindicum Boiss. |
Unknown |
Crowfoot grass |
A199654-PUH |
Th |
Na |
S |
H |
D |
53. |
Desmostachya bipinnata (Linn.) Stapf |
Surmul |
Halfa grass |
A199656-PUH |
H |
Na |
S |
H |
Gy |
54. |
Dichanthium annulatum (Forssk.) Stapf |
Khwar |
Marvel grass |
A199657-PUH |
H |
Na |
S |
H |
M |
55. |
Dinebra panicea (Retz.) P.M.Peterson & N.Snow |
Samyaka khowar |
Mucronate Sprangletop |
A199661-PUH |
Th |
Na |
S |
H |
M |
56. |
Echinochloa crus-galli (Linn.) P. Beauv. |
Khwar |
Cockspur grass |
A199658-PUH |
Th |
Na |
S |
H |
M |
57. |
Hordeum vulgare Linn. |
Arbushay |
Naked barley |
A199660-PUH |
Th |
Na |
S |
H |
Af |
58. |
Imperata cylindrica (Linn.) Raeusch. |
Khowar |
Kunai grass |
A199659-PUH |
Th |
Na |
S |
H |
D |
59. |
Lolium temulentum Linn. |
Jawdar |
Darnel ryegrass |
A199663-PUH |
Th |
Na |
S |
H |
M |
60. |
Oryza sativa Linn. |
Shelley |
Rice |
A199662-PUH |
Th |
Na |
S |
H |
Af |
61. |
Paspalum distichum Linn. |
Darga-beta |
Crown grass |
A199664-PUH |
Th |
Na |
S |
H |
M |
62. |
Phalaris minor Retz. |
Khowar |
Lesser-canary grass |
A199665-PUH |
Th |
Na |
S |
H |
M |
63. |
Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steud. |
Karhka |
Common Reed |
A199666-PUH |
Ch |
Na |
S |
H |
M |
64. |
Phragmites karka (Retz.) Trin. ex Steud. |
Karhka-nall |
Tall Reed grass |
A199668-PUH |
Ch |
Mes |
S |
H |
M |
65. |
Poa annua Linn. |
Khowar |
Meadow grass |
A199667-PUH |
H |
L |
S |
H |
M |
66. |
Poa bulbosa Linn. |
Khowar |
Blue grass |
A199670-PUH |
Th |
L |
S |
H |
M |
67. |
Polypogon monspeliensis (Linn.) Desf. |
Khowar |
Beard-grass |
A199669-PUH |
Th |
Na |
S |
H |
M |
68. |
Polypogon viridis (Gouan) Breistr. |
Khowar |
Water bent |
A199636-PUH |
H |
Na |
S |
H |
M |
69. |
Saccharum officinarum Linn. |
Gaana |
Sugar cane |
A199672-PUH |
H |
Mes |
S |
H |
Af |
70. |
Setaria pumila (Poir.) Roem. & Schult. |
Sherakai |
Pigeon grass |
A199673-PUH |
Th |
L |
S |
H |
D |
71. |
Khwor -jiwor |
Great millet |
A199675-PUH |
H |
Mic |
S |
H |
Af |
|
72. |
Sorghum halepense (Linn.) Pers |
Didam |
A199676-PUH |
H |
Mic |
S |
H |
D |
|
73. |
Tripidium bengalense (Retz.) H.Scholz |
Omaxha |
Kans grass |
A199674-PUH |
H |
Mes |
S |
H |
D |
74. |
Tripidium ravennae (Linn.) H.Scholz |
Mushkuni |
hardy sugar cane |
A199671-PUH |
H |
Mes |
S |
H |
D |
75. |
Triticum aestivum Linn. |
Ghanam |
Wheat |
A199677-PUH |
Th |
Mes |
S |
H |
Af |
76. |
Urochloa ramosa (Linn.) T.Q.Nguyen |
Ghozhawar |
Signal grass |
A199645-PUH |
Th |
Mic |
S |
H |
Af |
77. |
Urochloa reptans (Linn.) Stapf |
Angrazi ghozhawar |
Running grass |
A199649-PUH |
Th |
Mic |
S |
H |
D |
78. |
Zea mays Linn. |
Jiwor |
Maize |
A199678-PUH |
Th |
Mac |
S |
H |
Af |
Potamogetonaceae |
|||||||||
79. |
Potamogeton pusillus Linn. |
Abay-beta |
Lesser pondweed |
A199680-PUH |
Hydro |
Na |
S |
H |
W |
80. |
Potamogeton nodosus Poir. |
Unknown |
Long-leaf pondweed |
A199679-PUH |
Hydro |
L |
S |
H |
W |
Typhaceae |
|||||||||
81. |
Typha domingensis Pers |
Abay-Deela |
Southern cattail |
A199681-PUH |
Hydro |
Mes |
S |
H |
W |
82. |
Typha latifolia Linn. |
Deela |
Broadleaf cattail |
A199683-PUH |
Hydro |
Mes |
S |
H |
W |
Zingiberaceae |
|||||||||
83. |
Curcuma longa Linn. |
Kurkaman |
Turmeryte |
A199682-PUH |
G |
Mes |
S |
H |
Af |
(Dicotyledonous flora): Acanthaceae |
|||||||||
84. |
Dicliptera bupleuroides Nees |
Unknown |
Thorowax Foldwing |
A199685-PUH |
Th |
L |
S |
H |
D |
85. |
Justicia adhatoda Linn. |
Kurma khas |
Malabar nut |
A199684-PUH |
Th |
Na |
S |
S |
D |
86. |
Rostellularia peploides (Nees) Nees |
Ganda-beta |
Unknown |
A199686-PUH |
Th |
Na |
S |
H |
M |
Aizoaceae |
|||||||||
87. |
Zaleya pentandra (Linn.) C.Jeffrey |
Unknown |
African purslane |
A199687-PUH |
Ch |
Na |
S |
H |
D |
Amaranthaceae |
|||||||||
88. |
Achyranthes aspera Linn. |
Shpazhoka |
Devil's horsewhip |
A199688-PUH |
Th |
Mic |
S |
H |
M |
89. |
Aerva javanica (Burm.f.) Juss. ex Schult. |
Speraie-beta |
Desert cotton |
A199690-PUH |
H |
Na |
S |
H |
D |
90. |
Alternanthera philoxeroides (Mart.) Griseb. |
Abay beta |
Alligator weed |
A199689-PUH |
H |
L |
S |
H |
W |
91. |
Alternanthera pungens Kunth |
Ganda-beta |
Khaki weed |
A199691-PUH |
H |
Mic |
S |
H |
M |
92. |
Alternanthera sessilis (Linn.) R.Br. ex DC. |
Unknown |
Sessile joyweed |
A199692-PUH |
H |
Mic |
S |
H |
W |
93. |
Amaranthus viridis Linn. |
Ranzuka |
Slender amaranth |
A199693-PUH |
Th |
Mic |
S |
H |
M |
94. |
Atriplex griffithii Moq. |
Unknown |
Turkestanistan spinach |
A199802-PUH |
Th |
Mic |
S |
H |
Af |
95. |
Atriplex tatarica Linn. |
Unknown |
Saltbush |
A199791-PUH |
Th |
Mic |
S |
S |
Gy |
96. |
Bassia indica (Wight) A.J.Scott |
Khass |
Desert bush |
A199694-PUH |
H |
L |
S |
H |
D |
97. |
Bassia indica (Wight) A.J.Scott |
Unknown |
Bassia |
A199798-PUH |
Th |
Mic |
S |
S |
D |
98. |
Beta vulgaris subsp. maritima (Linn.) Arcang. |
Patawar |
Sea beet |
A199792-PUH |
Th |
Na |
S |
H |
D |
99. |
Caroxylon imbricatum (Forssk.) Moq. |
Unknown |
Saltwort |
A199799-PUH |
Th |
Mic |
S |
H |
D |
100. |
Celosia argentea Linn. |
Palash gull |
Plumed cockscomb |
A199695-PUH |
Th |
Mes |
S |
H |
D |
101. |
Chenopodiastrum murale (Linn.) S.Fuentes, Uotila & Borsch |
Sohebu |
Nettle-leaved goose foot |
A199796-PUH |
Th |
Mes |
S |
H |
M |
102. |
Chenopodium album Linn. |
Surma |
Lamb‘s quarters |
A199794-PUH |
Th |
Mes |
S |
H |
M |
103. |
Digera muricata (Linn.) Mart. |
Ranzuka |
Smooth pigweed |
A199696-PUH |
Th |
Mic |
S |
H |
M |
104. |
Dysphania ambrosioides (Linn.) Mosyakin & Clemants |
Jangli surma |
Worm seed
|
A199793-PUH |
Th |
Mes |
S |
H |
M |
105. |
Dysphania botrys (Linn.) Mosyakin & Clemants |
Kso-surma |
Jerusalem-oak |
A199795-PUH |
Th |
Mic |
Dis |
H |
D |
106. |
Gomphrena celosioides Mart. |
Unknown |
Gomphrena Weed |
A199697-PUH |
Th |
Mic |
S |
H |
M |
107. |
Salsola tragus Linn. |
Unknown |
Prickly Russian thistle |
A199800-PUH |
H |
L |
Sp |
H |
D |
108. |
Spinacia oleracea subsp. turkestanica (Iljin) Del Guacchio & P.Caputo |
Maghli-sobu |
A199803-PUH |
Th |
Mic |
S |
H |
Af |
|
109. |
Suaeda fruticosa Forssk. ex J.F.Gmel. |
Zumaye |
Sby seablight |
A199801-PUH |
Th |
L |
S |
S |
Gy |
110. |
Tecticornia indica (Willd.) K.A.Sheph. & Paul G.Wilson |
Unknown |
Haloxylon |
A199797-PUH |
Th |
AP |
Abs |
H |
M |
Anacardiaceae |
|||||||||
111. |
Mangifera indica Linn. |
Amm |
Mango |
A199699-PUH |
Megp |
Mes |
S |
T |
Cu |
Apiaceae |
|||||||||
112. |
Apium graveolens Linn. |
Soya |
Celery |
A199698-PUH |
Th |
Na |
Com |
H |
D |
113. |
Bowlesia incana Ruiz & Pav. |
Kso-bota |
Hoary bowlesia |
A199701-PUH |
Th |
Mic |
Dis |
H |
M |
114. |
Centella asiatica (Linn.) Urb. |
Gurhmar |
Gotu Kola |
A199700-PUH |
Hydro |
Mic |
S |
H |
W |
115. |
Coriandrum sativum Linn. |
Danrhya |
Coriander |
A199702-PUH |
Th |
Na |
Com |
H |
Af |
116. |
Daucus carota Linn. |
Gajara |
Carrot |
A199703-PUH |
Th |
Na |
Dis |
H |
Af |
117. |
Eryngium caeruleum M.Bieb. |
Unknown |
Sea holly |
A199704-PUH |
Th |
Mic |
Dic |
H |
D |
118. |
Foeniculum vulgare Mill. |
Sop |
Fennel |
A199705-PUH |
Th |
Na |
Dis |
H |
Af |
119. |
Oenanthe javanica (Blume) DC. |
Abay-beta |
Japanese parsley |
A199706-PUH |
Hydro |
Na |
Com |
H |
W |
120. |
Psammogeton biternatus Edgew. |
Unknown |
Unknown |
A199707-PUH |
Th |
L |
Dis |
H |
D |
121. |
Scandix pecten-veneris Linn. |
Unknown |
Stork's needle |
A199708-PUH |
Th |
Mic |
Dis |
H |
D |
122. |
Torilis leptophylla (Linn.) Rchb.f. |
Unknown |
Hedge-parsley |
A199709-PUH |
Th |
Na |
Dis |
H |
D |
123. |
Trachyspermum ammi (Linn.) Sprague |
Sperkuye |
Ajwain |
A199710-PUH |
Th |
Na |
Dis |
H |
D |
|
Apocyanaceae |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
124. |
Calotropis procera (Aiton) W.T.Aiton |
Spalmaka |
Sodom apple |
A199714-PUH |
Np |
Mes |
S |
S |
D |
125. |
Catharanthus roseus (Linn.) G.Don |
Gull –e-bahar |
Rose periwinkle |
A199711-PUH |
Ch |
Mic |
S |
H |
Cu |
126. |
Leptadenia pyrotechnica (Forssk.) Decne. |
Unknown |
Leptadenia |
A199715-PUH |
Th |
Ap |
Abs |
S |
D |
127. |
Nerium oleander Linn. |
Ser -gandarii |
Oleander |
A199712-PUH |
Np |
Na |
S |
S |
Cu |
128. |
Oxystelma esculentum (Linn. f.) Sm. |
Pervithiyee |
Rosy Milkweed Vine |
A199716-PUH |
H |
Mes |
S |
C |
M |
129. |
Periploca aphylla Decne. |
Unknown |
Periploca |
A199718-PUH |
Np |
Ap |
Abs |
S |
D |
130. |
Rhazya stricta Decne. |
Nakrizi- beta |
Eshvarak |
A199713-PUH |
Np |
Mic |
S |
S |
D |
131. |
Vincetoxicum spirale (Forssk.) D.Z.Li |
Film pervithiyee |
Dog-strangling vine |
A199717-PUH |
H |
Mes |
S |
C |
Gy |
|
Asteraceae |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
132. |
Artemisia vulgaris Linn. |
Unknown |
Mugwort |
A199719-PUH |
Th |
Na |
Dis |
H |
D |
133. |
Bidens pilosa Linn. |
Unknown |
Black-jack |
A199720-PUH |
Th |
Na |
Com |
H |
M |
134. |
Calendula arvensis Linn. |
Zarhi-gull |
Field marigold |
A199721-PUH |
Th |
Mic |
S |
H |
D |
135. |
Centaurea iberica Trevir. ex Spreng. |
Kso beta |
Iberian star-thistle |
A199722-PUH |
Th |
Mic |
Dis |
H |
D |
136. |
Carduus edelbergii Rech.f. |
Unknown |
Silver thistle |
A199723-PUH |
Th |
Mic |
Sp |
H |
D |
137. |
Carthamus oxyacanthus M.Bieb. |
Konzulla |
A199724-PUH |
Th |
Mic |
Sp |
H |
D |
|
138. |
Phonus lanatus (Linn.) Hill |
Unknown |
Unknown |
A199725-PUH |
Th |
Mic |
Sp |
H |
D |
139. |
Carthamus tinctorius Linn. |
Konzulla |
Safflower |
A199726-PUH |
Th |
Mic |
Sp |
H |
D |
140. |
Cichorium intybus Linn. |
Tarizha |
Common chicory |
A199727-PUH |
Th |
Na |
S |
H |
M |
141. |
Aghzaii |
Creeping thistle |
A199728-PUH |
Th |
Mes |
Sp |
H |
M |
|
142. |
Erigeron bonariensis Linn. |
Shpelay |
Argentine fleabane |
A199729-PUH |
Th |
Mic |
S |
H |
M |
143. |
Echinops echinatus Roxb. |
Aghziki gull |
A199730-PUH |
Ch |
Mic |
Sp |
H |
D |
|
144. |
Eclipta prostrata (Linn.) Linn. |
Warhi-beta |
False daisy |
A199731-PUH |
Th |
Na |
S |
H |
M |
145. |
Filago pyramidata Linn. |
Gabray bota |
Broadleaf cottonrose |
A199732-PUH |
Th |
Mic |
S |
H |
Gy |
146. |
Galinsoga amboensis D.L.Schulz |
Unknown |
Gallant soldier |
A199733-PUH |
Th |
Mic |
S |
H |
M |
147. |
Helianthus annuus Linn. |
Suraj-makhi |
Sun flower |
A199734-PUH |
Th |
Mes |
S |
H |
Af |
148. |
Hertia intermedia (Boiss.) Kuntze |
Gonga |
Hertia |
A199735-PUH |
Th |
Mic |
S |
S |
D |
149. |
Ifloga spicata (Forssk.) Sch. Bip. |
Unknown |
Ifloga |
A199736-PUH |
Th |
L |
S |
H |
D |
150. |
Iphiona grantioides (Boiss.) Anderb. |
Unknown |
Iphiona |
A199737-PUH |
Th |
Mic |
S |
S |
D |
151. |
Lactuca serriola Linn. |
Kso-beta |
Prickly lettuce |
A199738-PUH |
Th |
Mes |
Sp |
H |
M |
152. |
Launaea secunda Hook.f. |
Kso-beta |
Unknown |
A199739-PUH |
Th |
Mes |
Dis |
H |
D |
153. |
Launaea procumbens (Roxb.) Ramayya & Rajagopal |
Piawrie |
Creeping Launea |
A199740-PUH |
H |
L |
Dic |
H |
D |
154. |
Lactuca sativa Linn. |
Salad |
A199741-PUH |
Th |
Mes |
S |
H |
Af |
|
155. |
Parthenium hysterophorus Linn. |
Kherh-beta |
Santa-Maria |
A199742-PUH |
Th |
Mic |
Dis |
H |
D |
156. |
Pluchea lanceolata (DC.) C.B.Clarke |
Kabra-beta |
Rasna |
A199743-PUH |
Th |
Mic |
S |
H |
Gy |
157. |
Pulicaria boissieri Hook.f. |
Unknown |
Unknown |
A199744-PUH |
Th |
Mic |
S |
H |
D |
158. |
Pulicaria vulgaris Gaertn. |
Zyarhu gul |
False fleabane |
A199745-PUH |
Th |
Na |
Sp |
H |
M |
159. |
Reichardia tingitana (Linn.) Roth |
Unknown |
False sowthistle |
A199746-PUH |
G |
Na |
Dis |
H |
D |
160. |
Silybum marianum (Linn.) Gaertn. |
Pas - Aghuzikai |
Mary thistle |
A199747-PUH |
Th |
Mes |
Sp |
H |
M |
161. |
Sonchus asper (Linn.) Hill |
Aghuzikai |
Rough milk thistle |
A199748-PUH |
Th |
Mic |
Sp |
H |
M |
162. |
Sonchus oleraceus Linn. |
Aghuzikai |
Sow-thistle |
A199749-PUH |
Th |
Mic |
Sp |
H |
M |
163. |
Symphyotrichum subulatum (Michx.) G.L.Nesom |
Kso-beta |
California aster |
A199750-PUH |
H |
Mic |
S |
H |
M |
164. |
Tagetes minuta Linn. |
Ganda-gull |
Southern Cone Marigold |
A199751-PUH |
Th |
Na |
Com |
H |
D |
165. |
Taraxacum officinale F.H.Wigg. |
Tarexha |
Dandelion |
A199752-PUH |
Th |
Mic |
S |
H |
M |
166. |
Verbesina encelioides (Cav.) Benth. & Hook.f. ex A.Gray |
Kurma -Gull |
Cowpen daisy |
A199753-PUH |
Th |
Mic |
S |
H |
D |
167. |
Xanthium spinosum Linn. |
Aghzikai |
Spiny cocklebur |
A199754-PUH |
Th |
Mic |
S |
H |
D |
168. |
Xanthium strumarium Linn. |
Katasora |
Rough Cocklebur |
A199755-PUH |
Th |
Mes |
S |
H |
D |
Bignoniaceae |
|||||||||
169. |
Tecomella undulata (Sm.) Seem. |
Zangli gull |
Tecomella |
A199756-PUH |
Megp |
Mic |
S |
T |
D |
Boraginaceae |
|||||||||
170. |
Arnebia guttata subsp. griffithii (Boiss.) Sadat |
Zeeiarh gull |
Arnebia borage |
A199757-PUH |
Th |
L |
S |
H |
D |
171. |
Cordia myxa Linn. |
Ghata Losurha |
Lasura |
A199758-PUH |
Megp |
Mes |
S |
T |
Cu |
172. |
Ehretia obtusifolia Hochst. ex A.DC. |
Ghatabotai |
Lunsa |
A199759-PUH |
Np |
Mic |
S |
T |
D |
173. |
Euploca strigosa (Willd.) Diane & Hilger |
Unknown |
Heliotropes |
A199763-PUH |
Th |
L |
S |
H |
D |
174. |
Heliotropium bacciferum Forssk. |
Ganda bota |
Ghareir |
A199760-PUH |
Th |
Mic |
S |
H |
D |
175. |
Heliotropium curassavicum Linn. |
Lashti bota |
Salt heliotrope |
A199761-PUH |
Th |
Mic |
S |
H |
D |
176. |
Heliotropium europaeum Linn. |
Unknown |
European turn-sole |
A199762-PUH |
Th |
Mic |
S |
H |
D |
177. |
Nonea caspica (Willd.) G.Don |
Unknown |
Monkswort |
A199764-PUH |
Th |
Mic |
S |
H |
D |
Brassicaceae |
|||||||||
178. |
Diplotaxis griffithii (Hook.f. & Thomson) Boiss. |
Woerii |
Field mustard |
A199765-PUH |
Th |
Mac |
S |
H |
Af |
179. |
Brassica deflexa Boiss. |
Ter –woerii |
Mustard |
A199766-PUH |
Th |
Mac |
S |
H |
M |
180. |
Coincya tournefortii (Gouan) Alcaraz, T.E.Díaz, Rivas Mart. & Sánchez-Gómez |
Woerii |
Brown mustard |
A199767-PUH |
Th |
Mic |
S |
H |
M |
181. |
Brassica rapa Linn. |
Tapar |
turnip rape |
A199768-PUH |
Th |
Mic |
S |
H |
Af |
182. |
Lepidium draba Linn. |
Bushta |
Hoary cress |
A199769-PUH |
Th |
Mic |
S |
H |
M |
183. |
Unknown |
Blue mustard |
A199770-PUH |
Th |
Mic |
S |
H |
D |
|
184. |
Lepidium didymum Linn. |
Murghiyepal |
Lesser swine cress |
A199771-PUH |
Th |
Mic |
Dis |
H |
M |
185. |
Eruca sativa Mill. |
Shashum |
Garden rocket |
A199772-PUH |
Th |
Mic |
S |
H |
M |
186. |
Unknown |
Farsetia |
A199773-PUH |
Np |
L |
S |
H |
D |
|
187. |
Lepidium sativum Linn. |
Bushta |
Garden cress |
A199774-PUH |
Th |
Mic |
S |
H |
M |
188. |
Strigosella africana (Linn.) Botsch. |
Kurma-beta |
African mustard |
A199775-PUH |
Th |
Na |
S |
H |
M |
189. |
Nasturtium officinale W.T.Aiton |
Abay –beta |
Watercress |
A199776-PUH |
G |
Mic |
Com |
H |
W |
190. |
Raphanus raphanistrum Linn. |
Zangli –mileiay |
Willd Radish |
A199777-PUH |
Th |
Mes |
Com |
H |
M |
191. |
Raphanus sativus Linn. |
Mileiay |
Radish |
A199778-PUH |
Th |
Mes |
Com |
H |
Af |
192. |
Sisymbrium irio Linn. |
Woerii |
London rocket |
A199779-PUH |
Th |
Na |
Dis |
H |
M |
Cactaceae |
|||||||||
193. |
Opuntia monacanthos (Willd.) Haw. |
Thohar |
Prickly pear |
A199780-PUH |
Np |
Ap |
Abs |
S |
D |
Caesalpinioideae |
|||||||||
194. |
Senna occidentalis (Linn.) Link |
Unknown |
Coffee Senna |
A199781-PUH |
Th |
Mic |
Com |
S |
D |
195. |
Senna italica Mill. |
Unknown |
Italian senna |
A199782-PUH |
Th |
Mes |
Com |
H |
D |
Canabaceae |
|||||||||
196. |
Cannabis sativa Linn. |
Banga-beta |
Marijuana |
A199783-PUH |
Th |
Mic |
Com |
H |
M |
Capparidaceae |
|||||||||
197. |
Capparis decidua (Forssk.) Edgew. |
Krerhaa |
Karira |
A199784-PUH |
Np |
Ap |
Abs |
T |
Gy |
198. |
Cleome brachycarpa Vahl ex DC. |
Unknown |
Rabran |
A199785-PUH |
Th |
Mic |
Com |
H |
D |
199. |
Cleome viscosa Linn. |
Gari-gull |
Tick weed |
A199786-PUH |
Th |
Na |
Com |
H |
D |
Caryophyllaceae |
|||||||||
200. |
Herniaria hirsuta Linn. |
Unknown |
Hairy rupturewort |
A199787-PUH |
Np |
Ap |
Sp |
H |
M |
201. |
Silene conoidea Linn. |
Ser –gullai |
Large sand catchfly |
A199788-PUH |
Th |
Mic |
S |
H |
D |
202. |
Spergula arvensis Linn. |
Unknown |
Corn spurry, |
A199789-PUH |
Th |
Na |
S |
H |
M |
203. |
Stellaria media (Linn.) Vill. |
Speengullai |
Chickweed |
A199790-PUH |
Th |
Na |
S |
H |
M |
Convolvulaceae |
|||||||||
204. |
Convolvulus arvensis Linn. |
Parwathiye |
Field bindweed |
A199804-PUH |
Th |
Mes |
S |
C |
D |
205. |
Convolvulus prostratus Forssk. |
Parwathiye |
Creeping jenny |
A199805-PUH |
Th |
Na |
S |
H |
D |
206. |
Ipomoea carnea subsp. fistulosa (Mart. ex Choisy) D.F.Austin |
Darga –gull |
Pink morning glory |
A199806-PUH |
Th |
Mes |
S |
C |
M |
207. |
Distimake aegyptius (Linn.) A.R.Simões & Staples |
Parwathiye |
Woodroses |
A199807-PUH |
Th |
Mes |
Com |
C |
M |
Cucurbitaceae |
|||||||||
208. |
Citrullus colocynthis (Linn.) Schrad. |
Maraghunye |
Bitter cucumber |
A199808-PUH |
Th |
Mes |
Dis |
H |
D |
209. |
Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum. & Nakai |
Khendwana |
Watermelons |
A199809-PUH |
Th |
Mic |
Dis |
H |
D |
210. |
Cucumis melo subsp. agrestis (Naudin) Pangalo |
Kurhkundai |
Wild Melon |
A199810-PUH |
Th |
Mes |
S |
C |
D |
211. |
Cucurbita maxima Duchesne |
Penta kado |
A199811-PUH |
Th |
Mac |
S |
H |
Af |
|
212. |
Lagenaria siceraria (Molina) Standl. |
Shen kado |
Calabash |
A199812-PUH |
Th |
Mes |
S |
C |
Af |
213. |
Luffa acutangula |
Babra -tori |
Dish cloth gourd |
A199813-PUH |
Th |
Mes |
S |
C |
Af |
214. |
Luffa cylindrica (Linn.) Roem. |
Tori |
Egyptian luffa |
A199815-PUH |
Th |
Mac |
S |
C |
Af |
215. |
Momordica charantia Linn. |
Karella |
Bitter gourd |
A199814-PUH |
Th |
Mes |
Dis |
C |
Af |
Cuscutaceae |
|||||||||
216. |
Cuscuta reflexa Roxb. |
Bera parvatkiy |
Giant dodder |
A199816-PUH |
Th |
Mic |
Abs |
C |
Ep |
Dipsacaceae |
|||||||||
217. |
Lomelosia olivieri (Coult.) Greuter & Burdet |
Post botay |
Pincushion |
A199817-PUH |
H |
Mes |
S |
H |
D |
Elaeagnaceae |
|||||||||
218. |
Elaeagnus angustifolia Linn. |
Kharwurha |
Russian olive |
A199818-PUH |
Np |
Mes |
S |
T |
D |
Euphorbiaceae |
|||||||||
219. |
Chrozophora plicata (Vahl) A. Juss. ex Spreng. |
Ganda-beta |
Dyer's croton |
A199820-PUH |
Th |
Mic |
S |
H |
D |
220. |
Croton bonplandianus Baill. |
Muchakaii |
A199821-PUH |
Th |
Na |
S |
H |
D |
|
221. |
Euphorbia dracunculoides Lam. |
Unknown |
Dragon spurge |
A199825-PUH |
Th |
L |
S |
H |
D |
222. |
Euphorbia falcata Linn. |
Uknown |
Sickle-leaved spurge |
A199826-PUH |
Th |
L |
S |
H |
D |
223. |
Euphorbia granulata Forssk. |
Unknown |
Unknown |
A199827-PUH |
Th |
Na |
S |
H |
D |
224. |
Euphorbia helioscopia Linn. |
Purporai |
Sun spurge |
A199822-PUH |
Th |
Na |
S |
H |
M |
225. |
Euphorbia heterophylla Linn. |
Unknown |
Dwarf poinsettia |
A199824-PUH |
Th |
Mes |
S |
S |
M |
226. |
Euphorbia hirta Linn. |
Ser-beta |
Asthma-plant |
A199823-PUH |
Th |
Na |
S |
H |
M |
227. |
Euphorbia hypericifolia Linn. |
Perpurai |
Indian spurge |
A199828-PUH |
Th |
Na |
S |
H |
D |
228. |
Euphorbia prostrata Ait. |
Piye-beta |
Prostrate spurge |
A199829-PUH |
Th |
L |
S |
H |
M |
229. |
Jatropha curcas Linn. |
Jatropha |
English-physic |
A199830-PUH |
Np |
Mac |
S |
S |
D |
230. |
Leptopus cordifolius Decne. |
Unknown |
Unknown |
A199819-PUH |
Np |
Mic |
S |
H |
D |
231. |
Ricinus communis Linn. |
Rund |
Castor bean |
A199831-PUH |
Np |
Mac |
S |
T |
D |
Fabaceae |
|||||||||
232. |
Alhagi maurorum Medik. |
Thundoon |
Camelthorn |
A199832-PUH |
H |
L |
S |
H |
D |
233. |
Arachis hypogaea Linn. |
Mongpali |
Groundnut |
A199833-PUH |
Ch |
Mes |
Com |
H |
D |
234. |
Argyrolobium roseum (Cambess.) Jaub. & Spach |
Makhni Boti |
Unknown |
A199834-PUH |
H |
Na |
Com |
H |
D |
235. |
Astragalus ophiocarpus Benth. ex Bunge |
Unknown |
European milkvetch |
A199835-PUH |
H |
Na |
Com |
H |
D |
236. |
Astragalus psilocentros Fisch. |
Unknown |
Locoweed |
A199836-PUH |
Np |
Na |
Com |
S |
D |
237. |
Astragalus scorpiurus Bunge |
Unknown |
Pakistani milkvetch |
A199837-PUH |
H |
Na |
Com |
H |
D |
238. |
Astragalus tribuloides Delile. |
Unknown |
Milkvetch |
A199838-PUH |
H |
Na |
Com |
H |
D |
239. |
Caragana brevispina Benth. |
Unknown |
Long-Stalked Pea-S |
A199839-PUH |
Np |
L |
Com |
S |
M |
240. |
Dalbergia sissoo Roxb. ex DC. |
Shuwa |
North Indian rosewood, |
A199840-PUH |
Megp |
Mes |
Com |
T |
Cu |
241. |
Indigofera heterantha Wall. ex Brandis |
Unkown |
Himalayan indigo |
A199841-PUH |
Np |
L |
Com |
S |
M |
242. |
Lathyrus aphaca Linn. |
Jungli matar |
Yellow pea |
A199842-PUH |
Th |
Mic |
Com |
H |
M |
243. |
Lathyrus odoratus Linn. |
Matar |
Sweet Pea |
A199843-PUH |
Th |
Mic |
Com |
H |
M |
244. |
Leobordea platycarpa (Viv.) B.-E.van Wyk & Boatwr. |
Unkown |
Lotononis |
A199845-PUH |
Th |
Mic |
Com |
H |
D |
245. |
Lespedeza cuneata var. cuneata (Dum.Cours.) G.Don |
Unkown |
Unkown |
A199844-PUH |
Ch |
Mic |
Com |
H |
D |
246. |
Lotus corniculatus Linn. |
Mattarai |
Common vetch |
A199863-PUH |
Th |
Na |
Com |
H |
M |
247. |
Medicago laciniata (Linn.) Mill. |
Malkindiyee |
Cutleaf medick |
A199846-PUH |
Th |
Na |
Com |
H |
D |
248. |
Medicago lupulina Linn. |
Malkindiyee |
Black medick |
A199847-PUH |
Th |
Na |
Com |
H |
D |
249. |
Medicago monantha (C.A.Mey.) Trautv. |
Unknown |
Wild Fenugreek |
A199860-PUH |
H |
Na |
Com |
H |
D |
250. |
Medicago sativa Linn. |
Malkindiyee |
Alfalfa |
A199848-PUH |
Th |
Na |
Com |
H |
W |
251. |
Melilotus albus Medik. |
Shunzai |
Honey clover |
A199849-PUH |
Th |
Na |
Com |
H |
M |
252. |
Melilotus indicus (Linn.) All. |
Shunzai |
Sweet clover |
A199850-PUH |
Th |
Na |
Com |
H |
M |
253. |
Onobrychis stewartii Baker |
Unknown |
Unknown |
A199851-PUH |
G |
Na |
Com |
H |
D |
254. |
Phaseolus vulgaris Linn. |
Mung |
Green bean |
A199852-PUH |
Ch |
Mes |
Com |
H |
M |
255. |
Pisum sativum Linn. |
Mattar |
Pea |
A199853-PUH |
Th |
Na |
Com |
H |
Af |
256. |
Pongamia pinnata (Linn.) Pierre |
karajata |
Pongam oilT |
A199854-PUH |
Megp |
Mes |
Com |
T |
Cu |
257. |
Sesbania sesban (Linn.) Merr. |
Jatoon |
Sesban |
A199855-PUH |
Th |
Na |
Com |
T |
D |
258. |
Taverniera cuneifolia (Roth) Arn. |
Warha shuwa |
Taverniera |
A199856-PUH |
Th |
Na |
Com |
S |
D |
259. |
Trifolium alexandrinum Linn. |
Angrazi-Shfthala |
Egyptian clover |
A199857-PUH |
Th |
Na |
Com |
H |
Af |
260. |
Trifolium repens Linn. |
Bannuwula-shafthala |
White clover |
A199858-PUH |
Th |
Na |
Com |
H |
D |
261. |
Trigonella foenum-graecum Linn. |
Shambrhitha |
Fenugreek |
A199859-PUH |
Th |
Na |
Com |
H |
Af |
262. |
Vicia hirsuta (Linn.) S.F.Gray |
Mattarai |
Hairy tare |
A199861-PUH |
Th |
Na |
Com |
H |
M |
263. |
Vicia monantha Retz. |
Matarai |
Hard Vetch |
A199862-PUH |
Th |
L |
Com |
C |
M |
Fumariaceae |
|||||||||
264. |
Fumaria indica (Hausskn.) Pugsley |
Sewa |
Fumewort |
A199864-PUH |
Th |
Na |
Dis |
H |
M |
265. |
Hypecoum pendulum Linn. |
Unknown |
Nodding hypecoum |
A199865-PUH |
Th |
Na |
Dis |
H |
D |
Gentianaceae |
|||||||||
266. |
Centaurium pulchellum (Sw.) Hayek ex Hand.-Mazz., Stadlm., Janch. & Faltis |
Unknown |
Lesser centaury |
A199866-PUH |
Th |
L |
Dis |
H |
D |
Geraniaceae |
|||||||||
267. |
Erodium cicutarium (Linn.) L'Hér. |
Unknown |
Stork's |
A199867-PUH |
Th |
L |
Com |
H |
D |
268. |
Erodium malacoides (Linn.) L'Hér. |
Unknown |
Soft stork's-bill |
A199868-PUH |
Th |
L |
S |
H |
D |
269. |
Geranium ocellatum Jacquem. ex Cambess. |
Unknown |
Black Eyed Geranium |
A199869-PUH |
Th |
Mic |
Dis |
H |
D |
Lamiaceae |
|||||||||
270. |
Mentha longifolia (Linn.) Linn. |
Valina |
Horse mint |
A199871-PUH |
G |
Na |
S |
H |
M |
271. |
Mentha royleana Wall. ex Benth. |
Podina |
Royle's mint |
A199872-PUH |
G |
Na |
S |
H |
M |
272. |
Mentha spicata Linn. |
Podina |
Spearmint |
A199870-PUH |
G |
Na |
S |
H |
M |
273. |
Ocimum basilicum Linn. |
Bobarai |
Sweet basil |
A199873-PUH |
Ch |
Na |
S |
H |
Gy |
274. |
Ocimum tenuiflorum Linn. |
Lauvang bobarai |
Holy basil |
A199874-PUH |
Ch |
Na |
S |
H |
Gy |
275. |
Salvia aegyptiaca Linn. |
Zangli-tukhmalang |
Egyptian sage |
A199875-PUH |
H |
Mes |
S |
H |
D |
276. |
Salvia moorcroftiana Wall. ex Benth. |
Khushbo-beta |
Kashmir Salvia |
A199876-PUH |
Th |
Na |
S |
H |
D |
277. |
Salvia nubicola Wall. ex Sweet |
Unkonwn |
Himalayan Yellow Sage |
A199877-PUH |
Th |
Mes |
S |
H |
D |
278. |
Scutellaria linearis Benth. |
Unkonwn |
Narrow-Leaved Skullcap |
A199878-PUH |
Th |
Mic |
S |
H |
D |
279. |
Thymus linearis var. linearis Benth. |
Khushbo-beta |
Himalayan Thyme |
A199879-PUH |
H |
L |
S |
H |
M |
Linaceae |
|||||||||
280. |
Linum corymbulosum Rchb. |
Unkonwn |
Unkonwn |
A199880-PUH |
Th |
L |
S |
H |
D |
Lythraceae |
|||||||||
281. |
Ammannia auriculata Willd. |
Unkonwn |
Eared redstem |
A199881-PUH |
Th |
Mic |
S |
H |
M |
Malvaceae |
|||||||||
282. |
Abelmoschus esculentus (Linn.) Moench. |
Bhindi |
Lady finger |
A199882-PUH |
Th |
Mes |
Sp |
H |
Af |
283. |
Abutilon indicum (Linn.) Sweet |
Koso beta |
Indian mallow |
A199883-PUH |
Th |
Mes |
S |
H |
Gy |
284. |
Hibiscus cannabinus Linn. |
Sunrhu |
Kenaf |
A199884-PUH |
Th |
Mes |
Dis |
H |
Af |
285. |
Hibiscus trionum Linn. |
Unknown |
Bladder weed |
A199885-PUH |
Th |
Mes |
Sp |
H |
M |
286. |
Malva neglecta Wallr. |
Pathiway |
Common mallow |
A199886-PUH |
Th |
Mes |
S |
H |
M |
287. |
Malva parviflora Linn. |
Pathiway |
Cheeseweed |
A199887-PUH |
Th |
Mic |
S |
H |
M |
288. |
Malvastrum coromandelianum (Linn.) Garcke |
Koso-beta |
Prickly malvastrum |
A199888-PUH |
Th |
Na |
S |
H |
D |
289. |
Sida cordifolia Linn. |
Khoso –beta |
Country mallow |
A199889-PUH |
Th |
Mic |
S |
H |
Gy |
Meliaceae |
|||||||||
290. |
Azadirachta indica A.Juss. |
Angrazi Bakarha |
Neem |
A199890-PUH |
Megp |
Na |
Com |
T |
I |
291. |
Melia azedarach Linn. |
Bakarha |
China berry T |
A199891-PUH |
Megp |
Na |
Com |
T |
Cu |
Menispermaceae |
|||||||||
292. |
Cebatha pendula (J.R.Forst. & G.Forst.) Kuntze |
Unknown |
Unknown |
A199892-PUH |
Th |
Na |
S |
S |
D |
293. |
Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.) Hook.f. & Thomson |
Purvutye |
Heart-leaved moonseed |
A199893-PUH |
Np |
Mes |
S |
C |
Cu |
Mimosaceae |
|||||||||
294. |
Albizia lebbeck (Linn.) Benth. |
Srin |
Lebbeck T |
A199896-PUH |
Megp |
L |
Com |
T |
D |
295. |
Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit |
Spin srin |
River tamarind |
A199897-PUH |
Megp |
L |
Com |
T |
M |
296. |
Neltuma glandulosa (Torr.) Britton & Rose |
Kikar |
Screw-bean |
A199898-PUH |
Np |
L |
Com |
S |
D |
297. |
Neltuma juliflora (Sw.) Raf. |
Kikar |
Aippia |
A199899-PUH |
Np |
L |
Com |
S |
D |
298. |
Senegalia modesta (Wall.) P.J.H.Hurter |
Palosa |
Phulai |
A199894-PUH |
Megp |
L |
Com |
T |
D |
299. |
Vachellia nilotica (Linn.) P.J.H.Hurter & Mabb. |
Ter-Kikar |
Thorn mimosa |
A199895-PUH |
Megp |
L |
Com |
T |
D |
Moraceae |
|||||||||
300. |
Broussonetia papyrifera (Linn.) L'Hér. ex Vent. |
Gull-toot |
Paper mulberry |
A199900-PUH |
Megp |
Mes |
S |
T |
Cu |
301. |
Ficus benghalensis Linn. |
Burh |
Banyan |
A199901-PUH |
Megp |
Mes |
S |
T |
Cu |
302. |
Ficus carica Linn. |
Toghu |
Fig |
A199902-PUH |
Megp |
Mes |
S |
S |
Cu |
303. |
Ficus palmata Forssk. |
Zangli toghu |
Punjab fig |
A199903-PUH |
Megp |
Mes |
S |
T |
M |
304. |
Ficus religiosa Linn. |
Pipal |
Peepul T |
A199904-PUH |
Megp |
Mes |
S |
T |
Cu |
305. |
Morus alba Linn. |
Spin –tot |
White Mulberry |
A199905-PUH |
Megp |
Mes |
S |
T |
Cu |
306. |
Morus macroura Miq. |
Shahtut |
Mulberry |
A199906-PUH |
Megp |
Mes |
S |
T |
Cu |
307. |
Morus nigra Linn. |
Ter-tot |
Black Mulberry |
A199907-PUH |
Megp |
Mes |
S |
T |
Cu |
Morinaceae |
|||||||||
308. |
Morina persica Linn. |
Aghzay-beta |
Persisk Morina |
A199908-PUH |
Th |
Na |
Sp |
H |
D |
Myrtaceae |
|||||||||
309. |
Corymbia torelliana (F.Muell.) K.D.Hill & L.A.S.Johnson |
Speen lochai |
Cadaghi |
A199909-PUH |
Megp |
Mic |
S |
T |
I |
310. |
Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh. |
Speen Lochai |
River red gum |
A199910-PUH |
Megp |
Mic |
S |
T |
F |
311. |
Eucalyptus globulus Labill. |
Ghat-lochai |
Tasmanian bluegum |
A199911-PUH |
Megp |
Mic |
S |
T |
F |
312. |
Melaleuca citrina (Curtis) Dum.Cours. |
Botle-brush gull |
Red Bottle Brush |
A199912-PUH |
Np |
Mic |
S |
T |
Cu |
313. |
Psidium guajava Linn. |
Amrod |
Common guava |
A199913-PUH |
Np |
Mes |
S |
T |
Cu |
314. |
Jamoon |
Jambolan |
A199914-PUH |
Megp |
Mes |
S |
T |
Cu |
|
Neuradaceae |
|||||||||
315. |
Neurada procumbens Linn. |
Aghuzikna-maraghunye |
Sand button |
A199915-PUH |
Th |
Mes |
Dis |
H |
D |
Nyctaginacea |
|||||||||
316. |
Boerhavia procumbens Banks ex. Roxb. |
Padrawash |
Punarnava |
A199916-PUH |
Th |
Na |
S |
H |
D |
317. |
Bougainvillea glabra Choisy |
Aezi perwathiey |
Paperflower |
A199917-PUH |
Np |
Mic |
S |
C |
Cu |
318. |
Bougainvillea spectabilis Willd. |
Perwathiey |
Great bougainvillea |
A199918-PUH |
Np |
Mic |
S |
C |
Cu |
Oleaceae |
|||||||||
319. |
Chrysojasminum humile (Linn.) Banfi |
Ziarh Rambell |
Yellow jasmine |
A199919-PUH |
Np |
Mic |
Com |
S |
D |
320. |
Jasminum officinale Linn. |
Spin rambell |
Summer jasmine |
A199920-PUH |
Np |
Mic |
Com |
S |
M |
321. |
Jasminum sambac (Linn.) Aiton |
Rambell |
Sambac jasmine |
A199921-PUH |
Np |
Mes |
S |
S |
D |
Onagraceae |
|||||||||
322. |
Ludwigia perennis Linn. |
Unknown |
Perennial Water Primrose |
A199922-PUH |
Th |
Mic |
S |
H |
D |
323. |
Oenothera rosea L'Hér. ex Aiton |
Surh gulai |
Rose evening primrose |
A199923-PUH |
H |
Mic |
S |
H |
D |
Orobanchaceae |
|||||||||
324. |
Cistanche tubulosa (Schenk) Wight ex Hook.f. |
Khar ghurh-beta |
A199924-PUH |
H |
Ap |
Abs |
H |
D |
|
Oxalidaceae |
|||||||||
325. |
Oxalis corniculata Linn. |
Terwa-marhiyee |
Creeping woodsorrel |
A199925-PUH |
Th |
Na |
Com |
H |
M |
326. |
Oxalis pes-caprae Linn. |
Terwa-marhiyee |
Bermuda sorrel |
A199926-PUH |
Th |
Na |
Com |
H |
M |
Papaveraceae |
|||||||||
327. |
Argemone mexicana Linn. |
Aghuzai |
Mexican poppy |
A199927-PUH |
Th |
Mes |
Sp |
H |
D |
328. |
Papaver somniferum Linn. |
Afun-doda |
Opium poppy |
A199928-PUH |
Th |
Mes |
S |
H |
Cu |
Phyllanthaceae |
|||||||||
329. |
Bischofia javanica Blume |
Unknown |
Bishop wood |
A199929-PUH |
Megp |
Mes |
Com |
T |
I |
Plantaginaceae |
|||||||||
330. |
Phyla nodiflora (Linn.) |
Unknown |
Sawtooth fogfruit |
A199930-PUH |
Th |
Mic |
S |
H |
M |
331. |
Plantago amplexicaulis subsp. bauphula (Edgew.) Rech.f. |
Unknown |
Ispaghula |
A199931-PUH |
Th |
Na |
S |
H |
D |
332. |
Plantago ciliata Desf. |
Unknown |
Ripsiratamo |
A199932-PUH |
Th |
Na |
S |
H |
D |
333. |
Plantago lanceolata Linn. |
Kura-kat |
Ribwort plantain |
A199933-PUH |
Th |
Na |
S |
H |
M |
334. |
Plantago major Linn. |
Aba-beta |
Broadleaf plantain |
A199934-PUH |
Th |
Mes |
S |
H |
M |
335. |
Plantago ovata Forssk. |
Ispaghol |
Desert Indianwheat |
A199935-PUH |
Th |
Na |
S |
H |
D |
Polygalaceae |
|||||||||
336. |
Polygala sibirica Linn. |
Unknown |
Ethiopian Milkwort |
A199936-PUH |
Ch |
Na |
S |
H |
D |
Polygonaceae |
|||||||||
337. |
Calligonum polygonoides Linn. |
Unknown |
Phog |
A199937-PUH |
Np |
Ap |
Abs |
S |
D |
338. |
Oxyria digyna (Linn.) Hill |
Kurma torvika |
Alpine sorrel |
A199939-PUH |
Ch |
L |
S |
H |
M |
339. |
Persicaria hydropiper (Linn.) Delarbre |
Abay-beta |
Denseflower knotweed |
A199940-PUH |
Ch |
Mic |
S |
H |
M |
340. |
Polygonum afghanicum Meisn. |
Unknown |
Joint Weed |
A199943-PUH |
Ch |
Mic |
S |
H |
M |
341. |
Polygonum aviculare Linn. |
Kso –beta |
Common knotgrass |
A199941-PUH |
Th |
L |
S |
H |
M |
342. |
Polygonum biaristatum Aitch. & Hemsl. |
Unknown |
Knotweed |
A199942-PUH |
Ch |
Na |
S |
H |
M |
343. |
Polygonum paronychioides C.A.Mey. |
Unknown |
Fuzzy Knotweed |
A199944-PUH |
Th |
Na |
S |
H |
M |
344. |
Polygonum plebeium R.Br. |
Unknown |
Spotted ladysthumb |
A199945-PUH |
Th |
Na |
S |
H |
M |
345. |
Rumex dentatus Linn. |
Torvika |
Toothed dock |
A199946-PUH |
Ch |
Na |
S |
H |
M |
346. |
Rumex hastatus D. Don |
Zangli torvika |
Aegean dock |
A199947-PUH |
Ch |
Mes |
S |
H |
D |
347. |
Rumex nepalensis Spreng. |
Torvika |
Nepal dock |
A199948-PUH |
Ch |
Mes |
S |
H |
M |
348. |
Rumex spinosus Linn. |
Sobehu |
Doublegee |
A199938-PUH |
Th |
Mic |
S |
H |
M |
349. |
Rumex vesicarius Linn. |
Thuvika |
Israel flower |
A199949-PUH |
Ch |
Na |
S |
H |
D |
Portulacaceae |
|||||||||
350. |
Portulaca oleracea Linn. |
Woorkhorha |
Hogweed |
A199950-PUH |
Th |
Na |
S |
H |
D |
Primulaceae |
|||||||||
351. |
Lysimachia arvensis (Linn.) U.Manns & Anderb. |
Shafthawla shupzhoki |
Scarlet pimpernel |
A199951-PUH |
Th |
Na |
S |
H |
M |
Punicaceae |
|||||||||
352. |
Punica granatum Linn. |
Olung |
Pome granate |
A199952-PUH |
Micp |
Mic |
S |
S |
Cu |
Ranunculaceae |
|||||||||
353. |
Ranunculus arvensis Linn. |
Shafthala-wal-Ziarhi-gull |
Corn buttercup |
A199953-PUH |
G |
Na |
Dis |
H |
M |
354. |
Ranunculus muricatus Linn. |
Ziarhi-gull |
Spinyfruit buttercup |
A199954-PUH |
G |
Na |
Dis |
H |
M |
355. |
Ranunculus sceleratus Linn. |
Abay-Ziarhi-gull |
Cursed buttercup |
A199955-PUH |
G |
Na |
Dis |
H |
M |
Resedaceae |
|||||||||
356. |
Oligomeris linifolia (Vahl ex Hornem.) J.F.Macbr. |
Kso-beta |
Whitepuff. |
A199956-PUH |
Th |
Na |
S |
H |
D |
357. |
Reseda luteola Linn. |
Unknown |
Dyer's weed |
A199957-PUH |
Th |
Na |
S |
H |
D |
Rhamnaceae |
|||||||||
358. |
Ziziphus mauritiana Lam. |
Kurkurha-Bera |
Jharber |
A199959-PUH |
Micp |
Na |
S |
T |
D |
359. |
Ziziphus nummularia (Burm.f.) Wight & Arn. |
Bera |
Indian jujube |
A199958-PUH |
Micp |
Na |
S |
T |
D |
Rosaceae |
|||||||||
360. |
Eriobotrya japonica (Thunb.) Lindl. |
Lokat |
Loquat fruit |
A199960-PUH |
Micp |
Mes |
S |
T |
Cu |
361. |
Malus domestica (Suckow) Borkh. |
Marha |
Apple |
A199961-PUH |
Micp |
Mes |
S |
T |
Cu |
362. |
Potentilla supina Linn. |
Unknown |
Potentilla |
A199962-PUH |
H |
Na |
Com |
T |
M |
363. |
Prunus amygdalus Batsch. |
Badom |
Almond |
A199964-PUH |
Micp |
Mes |
S |
T |
Cu |
364. |
Prunus armeniaca Linn. |
Mandotha |
Apricot |
A199965-PUH |
Micp |
Mes |
S |
T |
Cu |
365. |
Prunus domestica Linn. |
Alocha |
European plum |
A199963-PUH |
Micp |
Mes |
S |
T |
Cu |
366. |
Prunus persica (Linn.)Batsch |
Shafthalu |
Peach |
A199966-PUH |
Micp |
Mic |
S |
T |
Cu |
367. |
Pyrus communis Linn. |
Nashpathi |
Pear |
A199967-PUH |
Micp |
Mes |
S |
T |
Cu |
368. |
Rosa banksiae W. T. Aiton |
Spanger |
Japanese rose |
A199970-PUH |
Np |
Na |
Com |
S |
Cu |
369. |
Rosa brunonii Lindl. |
Spin- gulab |
White rose |
A199968-PUH |
Np |
Na |
Com |
S |
M |
370. |
Rosa ecae Aitch. |
Gulab |
Rose |
A199969-PUH |
Np |
Na |
Com |
S |
M |
Rubiaceae |
|||||||||
371. |
Galium aparine Linn. |
Shahavina |
Catchweed |
A199971-PUH |
Th |
Na |
S |
H |
M |
372. |
Galium tricornutum Dandy |
Shahavina |
Corn cleavers. |
A199972-PUH |
Th |
Na |
S |
H |
D |
Rutaceae |
|||||||||
373. |
Skimmia laureola (DC.) Decne. |
Nazar Panra |
Skimmia |
A199973-PUH |
Np |
Mic |
S |
T |
Cu |
Salicaceae |
|||||||||
374. |
Populus nigra Linn. |
Nashthar |
Charab poplar |
A199974-PUH |
Mesp |
Mes |
S |
T |
Cu |
375. |
Salix babylonica Linn. |
Wala |
Weeping willow |
A199975-PUH |
Mesp |
Mes |
S |
T |
M |
376. |
Salix tetrasperma Roxb. |
Wala |
Indian willow |
A199976-PUH |
Mesp |
Mic |
S |
T |
M |
Salvadoraceae |
|||||||||
377. |
Salvadora oleoides Decne. |
Palimo |
Bada peelu |
A199977-PUH |
Mesp |
Mic |
S |
T |
Gy |
Sapindaceae |
|||||||||
378. |
Dodonaea viscosa Jacq. |
Sanatha |
Giant hopbush |
A199978-PUH |
Np |
Na |
S |
S |
D |
Sapotaceae |
|||||||||
379. |
Sideroxylon mascatense (A.DC.) T.D.Penn. |
Gurgura |
Gargole |
A199979-PUH |
Micp |
Mic |
S |
S |
D |
Scrophulariaceae |
|||||||||
380. |
Bacopa monnieri (Linn.). Pennell. |
Abay-beta |
Waterhyssop |
A199980-PUH |
Hydro |
L |
S |
H |
W |
381. |
Nanorrhinum ramosissimum (Wall.) Betsche |
Kso-beta |
Cancerworts |
A199981-PUH |
Th |
Mes |
S |
H |
D |
382. |
Schweinfurthia papilionacea (Linn.) Boiss. |
Kso-beta |
Unknown |
A199982-PUH |
H |
Na |
S |
H |
D |
383. |
Scrophularia striata Boiss. |
Unknown |
Figwort |
A199983-PUH |
Th |
Na |
S |
H |
D |
384. |
Verbascum thapsus Linn. |
Unknown |
Common mullein |
A199984-PUH |
Th |
Mes |
S |
H |
D |
385. |
Veronica anagallis-aquatica Linn. |
Khwar |
Water speedwell |
A199985-PUH |
Th |
Na |
S |
H |
W |
386. |
Veronica arvensis Linn. |
Kso-beta |
Wall speedwell |
A199986-PUH |
Th |
Na |
S |
H |
D |
387. |
Veronica biloba Schreb. ex Linn. |
Shupozhoki |
Twolobe speedwell |
A199987-PUH |
Th |
Na |
S |
H |
M |
Simaroubaceae |
|||||||||
388. |
Ailanthus altissima (Mill.) Swingle |
Angrazi barana |
T of heaven |
A199988-PUH |
Megp |
Mic |
Comp |
T |
I |
Solanaceae |
|||||||||
389. |
Capsicum frutescens Linn. |
Marchakii |
Tabasco pepper |
A199989-PUH |
Np |
Mic |
S |
H |
Cu |
390. |
Cestrum nocturnum Linn. |
Rat-k – rani |
Night-blooming jasmine |
A199990-PUH |
Th |
Mic |
S |
S |
Cu |
391. |
Datura innoxia Mill. |
Barhbaka |
Devil's trumpet |
A199991-PUH |
Th |
Mes |
S |
H |
D |
392. |
Datura stramonium Linn. |
Barhbaka |
Jimsonweed |
A199992-PUH |
Th |
Mes |
Dis |
H |
D |
393. |
Hyoscyamus insanus Stocks |
Khurasani |
Black henbane |
A199993-PUH |
Th |
Mes |
Dis |
H |
M |
394. |
Solanum lycopersicum Linn. |
Tamatar |
Tomato |
A199994-PUH |
Th |
Na |
Dis |
H |
Cu |
395. |
Lycium ruthenicum Murray |
Unknown |
Unknown |
A199995-PUH |
Np |
Mic |
S |
S |
D |
396. |
Nicotiana plumbaginifolia Viv. |
Lawanii tamakai |
Tex-Mex tobacco |
A199996-PUH |
Th |
Mac |
S |
H |
M |
397. |
Nicotiana tabacum Linn. |
Tammakai |
Tobacoo |
A199997-PUH |
Th |
Mac |
S |
H |
Cu |
398. |
Physalis halicacabum Crantz |
Kothilala |
Cape gooseberry |
A199998-PUH |
Th |
Mic |
S |
H |
M |
399. |
Solanum cordatum Forssk. |
Unknown |
Unknown |
A199999-PUH |
Th |
Mic |
S |
H |
D |
400. |
Solanum elaeagnifolium Cav. |
Kso beta |
Silverleaf nightshade |
A200000-PUH |
Th |
Mic |
S |
H |
D |
401. |
Solanum incanum Linn. |
Unknown |
Bitter tomato |
A200001-PUH |
Th |
Mes |
Sp |
H |
D |
402. |
Solanum melongena Linn. |
Bengarh |
Egg plant |
A200002-PUH |
Th |
Mes |
S |
H |
Cu |
403. |
Solanum nigrum Linn. |
Kun-se-bai |
Nightshade |
A200004-PUH |
Th |
Mic |
S |
H |
Gy |
404. |
Solanum rostratum Dunal |
Aghuzai |
Buffalo bur |
A200005-PUH |
Th |
Mes |
Sp |
H |
D |
405. |
Solanum virginianum Linn. |
Wara-mara-ghinrhye |
Yellow-fruit nightshade |
A200006-PUH |
Th |
Mic |
Sp |
H |
D |
406. |
Solanum tuberosum Linn. |
Alug |
Potato |
A200007-PUH |
Th |
Mes |
S |
H |
Cu |
407. |
Withania coagulans (Stocks) Dunal |
Shapyanga |
Ashwagandha |
A200008-PUH |
Ch |
Mic |
S |
S |
D |
408. |
Withania somnifera (Linn.) Dunal |
Kothilal |
Rennet |
A200009-PUH |
Ch |
Mac |
S |
S |
D |
Tamaricaceae |
|||||||||
409. |
Tamarix aphylla (Linn.) H.Karst. |
Ghat-Ghaz |
Athel pine |
A200010-PUH |
Megp |
L |
S |
T |
Gy |
410. |
Tamarix dioica Roxb. ex Roth |
Warhika-ghaz |
Khagal |
A200011-PUH |
Megp |
L |
S |
T |
D |
Thymelaeaceae |
|||||||||
411. |
Thymelaea passerina (Linn.) Coss. & Germ. |
Unknown |
Spurge flax. |
A200012-PUH |
Th |
Na |
S |
H |
Gy |
Tiliaceae |
|||||||||
412. |
Corchorus depressus (Linn.) Peterm. |
Koso –beta |
Mudhiri |
A200013-PUH |
Th |
Mic |
S |
H |
M |
Urticaceae |
|||||||||
413. |
Forsskaolea tenacissima Linn. |
Zahrila-beta |
Forskaolea |
A200014-PUH |
H |
Na |
Sp |
H |
D |
414. |
Urtica pilulifera Linn. |
Sezunkai |
Common nettle |
A200015-PUH |
Th |
Mic |
Sp |
H |
M |
Verbenaceae |
|||||||||
415. |
Lantana camara Linn. |
Unknown |
Spanish flag |
A200016-PUH |
Np |
Mes |
Sp |
S |
D |
416. |
Verbena officinalis Linn. |
Kso-beta |
Common verbena |
A200017-PUH |
Th |
Mic |
Dis |
H |
M |
417. |
Vitex negundo Linn. |
Marmandiye |
Chinese chasteT |
A200018-PUH |
Np |
Mic |
Com |
S |
D |
Violaceae |
|||||||||
418. |
Viola canescens Wall. |
Unknown |
Himalayan White Violet |
A200019-PUH |
G |
Mic |
S |
H |
M |
419. |
Viola stocksii Boiss. |
Banafsa |
Zinko Banapsha |
A200020-PUH |
Th |
Na |
S |
H |
D |
Vitaceae |
|||||||||
420. |
Vitis vinifera Linn. |
Angoor |
Grapes |
A200021-PUH |
Np |
Mes |
S |
L* |
Cu |
Zygophyllaceae |
|||||||||
421. |
Peganum harmala Linn. |
Spelanii |
Harmel |
A200023-PUH |
H |
L |
S |
H |
D |
422. |
Tetradiclis tenella (Ehrenb.) Litv. |
Unknown |
Unknown |
A200024-PUH |
Th |
L |
S |
H |
D |
423. |
Tribulus pentandrus Forssk. |
Sehray azhzay |
Unknown |
A200025-PUH |
Th |
L |
Com |
H |
D |
424. |
Tribulus terrestris Linn. |
Markundai |
Puncture vine |
A200026-PUH |
Th |
L |
Com |
H |
D |
425. |
Zygophyllum indicum (Burm.f.) Christenh. & Byng |
Spalaghzai |
Fagonbushes |
A200022-PUH |
Th |
Na |
Sp |
H |
D |
Table 2. Showing the percentage of different groups.
S. No |
Family |
No. Species |
Percentage |
S. No |
Family |
Taxonomic group |
No of species |
%age |
Taxonomic distribution |
Number |
%age |
Dicotyledonous flora |
342 |
80.47% |
Dicotyledonous family |
70 |
78.65% |
Monocotyledonous flora |
83 |
19.52% |
Monocotyledonous family |
19 |
21.35% |
Total |
425 |
100% |
- |
89 |
100% |
Table 3. Family-wise distribution of flora occurring at the River Kurram.
S. No |
Family |
No. species |
Percentage |
S. No |
Family |
No. species |
Percentage |
1 |
Poaceae |
42 |
9.88% |
46 |
Onagraceae |
2 |
0.47% |
2 |
Asteraceae |
37 |
8.70% |
47 |
Oxalidaceae |
2 |
0.47% |
3 |
Fabaceae |
32 |
7.52% |
48 |
Papaveraceae |
2 |
0.47% |
4 |
Amaranthaceae |
23 |
5.41% |
49 |
Resedaceae |
2 |
0.47% |
5 |
Solanaceae |
20 |
4.70% |
50 |
Rhamnaceae |
2 |
0.47% |
6 |
Brassicaceae |
15 |
3.52% |
51 |
Rubiaceae |
2 |
0.47% |
7 |
Euphorbiaceae |
13 |
3.05% |
52 |
Tamaricaceae |
2 |
0.47% |
8 |
Polygonaceae |
13 |
3.05% |
53 |
Urticaceae |
2 |
0.47% |
9 |
Apiaceae |
12 |
2.82% |
54 |
Violaceae |
2 |
0.47% |
10 |
Cyperaceae |
11 |
2.58% |
55 |
Asparagaceae |
1 |
0.23% |
11 |
Rosaceae |
11 |
2.58% |
56 |
Asphodelaceae |
1 |
0.23% |
12 |
Lamiaceae |
10 |
2.35% |
57 |
Canaceae |
1 |
0.23% |
13 |
Apocyanaceae |
8 |
1.88% |
58 |
Cactaceae |
1 |
0.23% |
14 |
Boraginaceae |
8 |
1.88% |
59 |
Ceratophyllaceae |
1 |
0.23% |
15 |
Cucurbitaceae |
8 |
1.88% |
60 |
Lemnaceae |
1 |
0.23% |
16 |
Malvaceae |
8 |
1.88% |
61 |
Musaceae |
1 |
0.23% |
17 |
Moraceae |
8 |
1.88% |
62 |
Orchidaceae |
1 |
0.23% |
18 |
Scrophulariaceae |
8 |
1.88% |
63 |
Aizoaceae |
1 |
0.23% |
19 |
Mimosaceae |
6 |
1.41% |
64 |
Anacardiaceae |
1 |
0.23% |
20 |
Myrtaceae |
6 |
1.41% |
65 |
1 |
0.23% |
|
21 |
Plantaginaceae |
6 |
1.41% |
66 |
Canabaceae |
1 |
0.23% |
22 |
Zygophyllaceae |
5 |
1.17% |
67 |
Cuscutaceae |
1 |
0.23% |
23 |
Arecaceae |
4 |
0.94% |
68 |
Dipsacaceae |
1 |
0.23% |
24 |
Juncaceae |
4 |
0.94% |
69 |
Elaeagnaceae |
1 |
0.23% |
25 |
Caryophyllaceae |
4 |
0.94% |
70 |
Gentianaceae |
1 |
0.23% |
26 |
Convolvulaceae |
4 |
0.94% |
71 |
Linaceae |
1 |
0.23% |
27 |
Acanthaceae |
3 |
0.70% |
72 |
1 |
0.23% |
|
28 |
Capparidaceae |
3 |
0.70% |
73 |
Morinaceae |
1 |
0.23% |
29 |
Geraniaceae |
3 |
0.70% |
74 |
Neuradaceae |
1 |
0.23% |
30 |
Nyctaginacea |
3 |
0.70% |
75 |
1 |
0.23% |
|
31 |
Oleaceae |
3 |
0.70% |
76 |
Phyllanthaceae |
1 |
0.23% |
32 |
Ranunculaceae |
3 |
0.70% |
77 |
Polygalaceae |
1 |
0.23% |
33 |
Salicaceae |
3 |
0.70% |
78 |
Portulacaceae |
1 |
0.23% |
34 |
Verbenaceae |
3 |
0.70% |
79 |
Primulaceae |
1 |
0.23% |
35 |
Alismataceae |
2 |
0.47% |
80 |
Punicaceae |
1 |
0.23% |
36 |
Alliaceae |
2 |
0.47% |
81 |
Rutaceae |
1 |
0.23% |
37 |
Araceae |
2 |
0.47% |
82 |
Salvadoraceae |
1 |
0.23% |
38 |
Hydrocharitaceae |
2 |
0.47% |
83 |
Sapindaceae |
1 |
0.23% |
39 |
Iridaceae |
2 |
0.47% |
84 |
Sapotaceae |
1 |
0.23% |
40 |
Potamogetonaceae |
2 |
0.47% |
85 |
1 |
0.23% |
|
41 |
Typhaceae |
2 |
0.47% |
86 |
1 |
0.23% |
|
42 |
2 |
0.47% |
87 |
Tiliaceae |
1 |
0.23% |
|
43 |
Fumariaceae |
2 |
0.47% |
88 |
Vitaceae |
1 |
0.23% |
44 |
Meliaceae |
2 |
0.47% |
89 |
Zingiberaceae |
1 |
0.23% |
45 |
Menispermaceae |
2 |
0.47% |
|
|
|
|
According to Dar et al., (2018), many factors like bridges, road and building construction, browsing, overgrazing, trampling, land sliding and soil erosion lead to ecological problems in the degradation of land as well as vegetation and also decrease agriculture productivity. Vegetation coverage plays a key role in the protection and recovery rate assessment of land sliding and soil erosion (Lin et al., 2006). Therefore our findings agree with Hussain et al., (2016) in assessing angiospermic diversity from Rawalakot district, Azad and Jammu Kashmir here which 381 species belong to 78 families whereas; Asteraceae is dominant with 38 species followed by Poaceae comprising with 37 species. Similarly, some semi-aquatic angiosperm was investigated from the marshland areas of the Dera-Ismail Khan district, here Cyperaceae 16 (40%) was the leading family followed by Poaceae 6 (15%) species (Marwat et al., 2013). An extensive field study was conducted on Astore Valley, Gilgit-Baltistan from which 558 species of angiosperm were investigated here Asteraceae comprising with 95 species, Brassicaceae 40 and Papilionaceae with 30 species these are the leading families among the investigated dicotyledonous families (Noor et al., 2020). Khatun et al., (2022) studied a total 194 species of angiosperm belong 72 families from Puthia Upazila, district Rajshahi, Balngladesh, here amaranthaceae, asteraceae and apocyanaceae were the dominant families. Haque et al., (2018) reported 549 angiosperms belong to 123 families of which 316 species of dicotyledonous followed by monocotyledonous flora comprising 132 species from Rajkandi Reserve Forest of Moulvibazar. Rahman and Jamila (2016) who investigated 151 angiospermic species from Jamtala village in Nawabganj district, Bangladesh, in which Amaranthaceae, Acanthaceae, Asteraceae were the leading families among the annotated checklist. Ara et al., (2021) who was document 210 angiosperm from Chaar Khidirpur, Rajshahi district, Bangladesh, it belonging to 177 genera and 71 families. Rahman (2021) assessed 223 angiosperms from Rajshahi metropolitan city, Bangladesh, here it belongs to 176 genera and 74 families, where Asteraceae in dicotyledonous was the dominant family with 27 species while Poaceae is leading with 9 taxa among monocotyledonous flora families. Islam et al., (2009) studied the qualitative assessment of angiospermic flora with leading dicotyledonous represented by 192 species while monocotyledonous flora with 51 species from Ramgarh Upazila of Khagrachhari and Police Academy of Bangladesh. Similar studies were conducted on the angiospermic configuration at the village Sabgram, Bogra District, Bangladesh in which dicotyledonous with 172 species were the leading class followed by monocotyledonous flora with 24 species (Rahman et al., 2014). Sarker & Rahman (2019) enlisted the angiosperm here the dicotyledonous is represented by 261 species but, monocotyledonous flora was recorded with 34 species from Gobindaganj Upazila of Gaibandhna district, Bangladesh. Our finding is strongly supported by Dar et al., (2018) here Poaceae comprising 11 species is the largest family in eroded and non-eroded areas of the Kashmir Himalayas.
Life form
Life form in the ecophysiognomy of flora and vegetation type is very important phytoecological characteristics depend upon the environmental conditions. It serves as an indicator of environmental conditions in which climatic and edaphic factors are used to determine the life form. However, it is influenced by many biotic and abiotic factors, such as overgrazing, browsing, deforestation, agriculture practices, floods and phytoclimatic changes etc. for this investigation using Raunkiaerean (1934), classification it was noted that Therophytes was the dominant class with 228 species (53.64%) followed by Hemocryptophytes with 44 species (10.35%), Nanophanerophytes with 39 species (9.17%), geophytes with 32 species (7.52%), Megaphenerophytes with 29 species (6.82%), Chamaephytes with 24 species (5.64%), Hydrophytes with 14 species (3.29%), Microphanerophytes with 11 species (2.58%) and Mesophenerophytes with 4 species (0.94%), (Figure 2). However, only two species namely Cuscuta reflexa and Cistanche tubulosa showed parasitic life form (Table 4).
Figure 2. Number of different life form groups.
Table 4. Showing percentage of the different life form groups.
Life form |
Key for life form |
No. of species |
%age |
Therophytes |
Th |
228 |
53.64% |
Hemicryptophytes |
H |
44 |
10.35% |
Nanophanerophytes |
Np |
39 |
9.17% |
Geophytes |
G |
32 |
7.52% |
Megaphanerophytes |
MegP |
29 |
6.82% |
Chamaephytes |
Ch |
24 |
5.64% |
Hydrophytes |
Hydro |
14 |
3.29% |
Microphanerophytes |
MicP |
11 |
2.58% |
Mesophenerophytes |
MesP |
4 |
0.94% |
Total |
- |
425 |
100% |
Among the biological spectra life form is the important key in the exploring area and can be considered as phyto-symbol for climate. Chapman and Crow (1981) investigated the therophytes prevailing desert climate, geophytes indicated the Mediterranean climate, while Hemocryptophytes indicated the temperate zone. Therophytes were reported by Ali et al., (2016) as a dominant class of life forms of the floristic list of Chail Valley, Swat. In the floristic study of district Peshawar therophytes contributed 30 (37.5%) and microphanerophytes 16 (20%) species have relative abundance (Samad et al., 2018). Ali et al., (2019) therophytes with 110 (50.1%) species were noted as the dominant life form followed by microphanerophytes comprising 24 (10.58%) from district Nowshera. The vegetation analysis revealed that the therophytes represent 49.20% while chamaephytes comprising 29.00% of species are dominant classes among the life form from Hail region Saudi Arabia (El-Ghanim et al., 2010). Therophytes were the leading class among the life form in the floristic studies of Aghberg Rangelands, and Harboi rangelands, Kalat, Balochistan (Durrani & Hussain, 2005; Durrani et al., 2010). Life form modified by natural disasters as well as anthropogenic activities such as agriculture, overgrazing and browsing which display diverse picture of vegetation variation.
Leaf Size
The leaf size spectra of the study area revealed that here Nanophyll was the dominant class comprising 138 species (32.47%) followed by Microphyll with 119 species (28.00%), mesophylls with 99 species (23.29%), Leptophyll with 45 species (10.58%), macrophylls with 11 species (2.58%) and megaphylly with 4 species (0.94%). Some species (2.11%), were reported as aphyllous i.e., Leptadenia pyrotechnica, Periploca aphylla and Calligonum polygonoides etc. (Table 5 and Figure 3).
Figure 3.Number of different life size groups.
Table 5. Showing percentage of the different leaf size groups.
Leaf size |
Key for leaf size |
No. of species |
%age |
Nanophyll |
Na |
138 |
32.47% |
Microphyll |
Mic |
119 |
28.00% |
Mesophyll |
Mes |
99 |
23.29% |
Leptophyll |
L |
45 |
10.58% |
Macrophyll |
Mac |
11 |
2.58% |
Aphyllous |
Ap |
9 |
2.11% |
Megaphyll |
Meg |
4 |
0.94% |
Total |
- |
425 |
100% |
Although, leaf size has shown variation in the majority of annual plant species due to lose of seasonal buds while, perennial and evergreen have retained their leaf size status (Ali et al., 2018). Among the leaf size spectra nanophyll comprising (40.98%) species was the dominant class in the annotated list of Mastuj Valley, Chitral (Hussain et al., 2015). Nanophylls (36.14%), leptophylls (26.73%) and microphylls (26.24%) are the dominant leaf size classes in the vegetation of subtropical forest of district Kotli, Azad and Jammu Kashmir (Amjad et al., 2017). The dominant classes of leaf size were microphyll (146) species followed by Nanophyll (91) species from the Gokand Valley, district Buner (Muhammad et al., 2020). However, the leaf form of vegetation indicates the prevailing climatic and edaphic conditions of a particular area.
Leaf Lamina
Due to seasonal variation, the reported vegetation indicated that the 286 species (67.29%) possess the highest number of simple leaf lamina followed by compound leaves comprising with 72 species (16.94%), dissected leaves 33 species (7.76%) and 24 species (5.64%) with spiny leaf lamina, Whereas, 10 species (0.94%) were recorded which are aphyllous (Table 6 and Figure 4).
Figure 4. Number of different life lamina groups.
Table 6. Showing percentage of the different groups of leaf lamina.
Leaf lamina |
Key for lamina class |
No. of species |
%age |
Simple |
S |
286 |
67.29% |
Compound |
Com |
72 |
16.94% |
Dissected |
Dis |
33 |
7.76% |
Spiny |
Sp |
24 |
5.64% |
Aphyllous |
Abs |
10 |
0.94% |
Total |
- |
425 |
100% |
Similar findings were recorded here, 191 (67.87%) species have simple lamina followed by compound leaves with 76 (16.41%) and four species (Rahman et al., 2021). Ali et al., (2016) reported the largest number of species 305 (65.87%) possessing simple lamina followed by compound leaf 76 (16.41%) species and incised leaf with 62 (13.39%) species and eight species are spiny leaf lamina and three species are aphyllous. Leaf lamina shape indicated that simple lamina has a high value of 155 (62%) and compound lamina comprising 63 (25.2%) were the leading classes in Jelar valley; district upper Dir (Ullah & Badshah, 2017). Similar findings were also reported by Samreen et al., (2018) from Darazinda Dera-ismail Khan and Haq et al., (2019) from Keran-a remote valley of North Western Himalaya.
Habit
Based on habit local flora included 317 herb species (75%), 50 tree species (12%), 42 shrub species (10%), 15 climber species (3%) and only one species (0.1%) of woody liana i.e., Vitis vinifera were reported from the study area (Table 7 and Figure 5).
Figure 5. Number of different plant habits groups.
Table 7. Showing percentage of the different type’s habits.
Plant habit |
Key for habit class |
No. of species |
%age |
Herb |
H |
317 |
74.58% |
Tree |
T |
50 |
11.76% |
Shrub |
S |
42 |
9.88% |
Climber |
C |
15 |
3.52% |
Liana |
L |
1 |
0.23% |
Total |
- |
425 |
100% |
Arefin et al., (2011) studied angiospermic diversity from Satchari National Park, Bangladesh including 86 species of herbs followed by 73 trees, 46 shrubs and 37 species of climbers were recorded. A similar study was also conducted in the Malghazar valley, Swat from which herbs 161 (52.27%) species were followed by tree line with 46 (14.98%) and 45 (14.61%) and only 10 climbers were found (Khan et al., 2022). Similar studies were carried out by Uddin and Hassan (2010) from Lawachara National Park, Rahman (2013) from Rajshahi City, Uddin et al., (2013) from Teknaf Wildlife Sanctuary, Keya and Rahman (2017) from Sabgram village of Bogra, Bangladesh.
Habitat
From the study highest number of species were recorded from dry slopes 177 species (41.64%), followed by moist places 127 species (29.88%), cultivated 42 species (9.88%), agriculture fields 31 species (7.29%) wet places 24 species (5.64%), graveyard 16 species (3.76%), introduced 5 species (1.17%), forest 2 species (0.47%) and only 1 species (0.23%) is epiphytes i.e., Cuscuta reflexa (Table 8 and Figure 6).
Figure 6. Number of different plant habitats types.
Table 8. Showing percentage of different habitat types.
Habitat types |
Key for habitat class |
No. of species |
%age |
Dry |
D |
177 |
41.64% |
Moist |
M |
127 |
29.88% |
Cultivated |
Cu |
42 |
9.88% |
Agricultural field |
Af |
31 |
7.29% |
Wet |
W |
24 |
5.64% |
Graveyard |
Gy |
16 |
3.76% |
Introduced |
I |
5 |
1.17% |
Forest |
F |
2 |
0.47% |
Epiphytes |
Ep |
1 |
0.23% |
Total |
- |
425 |
100% |
Although, the study area witness’s threats for many trees, herbs and shrubs due to the lose it habitats due to soil erosion as well as other natural disasters. Some species are reported invasive from the studied area such as Alternanthera philoxeroides, Broussonetia papyrifera, Parthenium hysterophorus, Solanum elaeagnifolium, Verbesina encelioides and Tagetes minuta. were considered as a threat to the agricultural fields. Rahman et al., (2013) studied habitats for 240 taxa of angiosperm from Sadar upazila, district Munshiganj Bangladesh. A similar study was also conducted by Hussain et al., (2020) who reported the majority of species from the wild habitats of plants from the annotated checklist of Koh-e-Safaid range district Kurram. Ullah and Badshah (2017) recorded the maximum species from the dry slopes of mountains in the Jelar Valley district of upper Dir. The results of the current finding agree with the results of Khan et al., (2013b) from the Western Himalayas, Badshah et al., (2016) from Parachinar, Kurram, and Haq et al., (2019) from the Northwestern Himalayas. Therefore, different habitats were degraded due to a huge loss of soil that reduced vegetation cover. Many plant species adapted deep root systems to resist or rather than stop soil erosion (Campo & Martí, 2000).
Plate 1. Field photographs of plant species in natural habitats: (1) Alternanthera philoxeroides, 2) Aerva javanica, 3) Alhagi maurorum, 4) Argemone mexicana, 5) Argyrolobium roseum, 6) Astragalus ophiocarpus, 7) Caragana brevispina var. brevispina, 8) Chrozophora plicata, 9) Cistanche tubulosa, 10) Cleome brachycarpa, 11) C. viscosa, 12) Convolvulus prostratus, 13) Corchorus depressus, 14) Croton bonplandianus, 15) Cucumis melo subsp. agrestis, 16) Cyperus pygmaeus, 17) Dactyloctenium aegyptium, 18) D. scindicum.
Plate 2. Field photographs of plant species in natural habitats: (19) Euphorbia falcata, (20) E. hirta, (21) E. indica, (22) Filago pyramidata, (23) Heliotropium curassavicum, (24) H. europaeum, (25) Hertia intermedia, (26) Hyoscyamus insanus, (27) Iphiona grantioides, (28) Launaea procumbens, (29) Lotus corniculatus, (30) Medicago sativa, (31) Mentha royleana, (32) Oenanthe javanica, (33) Physalis minima, (34) Plantago ovata, (35) P. ciliata, (36) Pluchea lanceolata.
Plate 3. Field photographs of plant species in natural habitats: (37) Polygala abyssinica, (38) Polygonum plebejum, (39) Potentilla supina (40) Cyperus difformis, (41) Reichardia tingitana, (42) Salvia aegyptiaca, (43) S. nubicola, (44) Schoenoplectus litoralis, (45) Scutellaria linearis, (46) Solanum rostratum, (47) Sonchus oleraceus, (48) Symphyotrichum subulatum, (49) Tagetes minuta, (50) Thymus linearis, (51) Viola stocksii, (52) Xanthium spinosum, (53) X. stramonium, (54) Zeuxine strataumatica.
Conclusion
The angiosperm list from the study area was assessed for the first time, highlighting the region's significance in terms of plant diversity and their phytoecological characteristics, as well as the prevailing climate, edaphic features, and the impact of natural disasters. The findings indicate that the investigated area is affected by various ecological challenges, including overgrazing, browsing, trampling, soil erosion, and landslides caused by overflooding during the monsoon season, which hinder plant regeneration. A feasible approach for vegetation recovery involves correlating physiognomic features with floristic composition under human influence. Consequently, there is an urgent need for the protection and conservation of the Billion Tree Tsunami plantation project, initiated by the government of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan, particularly in the most eroded and landslide-prone areas along the sides of the River Kurram. Moreover, the assessment of tree plantations in these areas is crucial for the recovery of the phyto-climate, land, and vegetation. The habitats are severely impacted by continuous landslides and soil erosion due to overflooding and other natural disasters. Therefore, this study provides essential baseline information for developing conservation strategies to protect threatened species from overgrazing, landslides, and soil erosion.
Acknowledgements
The authors are indebted to Prof. Dr. Siraj-ud-Din and Dr. Sayed Afzal Shah for the identification of plant species. We would like to thanks the Peshawar University Herbarium (PUH) for providing herbarium facilities and identification of plant specimens for this study.
Disclosure statement
The authors declare that they have no potential conflict of interest.