A study of Angiospermic diversity and their ecological attributes from eroded areas along the River Kurram, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan

Document Type : Original Article

Authors

1 National Herbarium of Pakistan (Stewart Collection), Plant Genetic Resources Institute, PARC-National Agricultural Research Centre, Islamabad, Pakistan

2 Department of Botany, University of Peshawar, Peshawar 25120, Pakistan

3 Department of Plant Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, 45320, Pakistan

4 Department of Botany, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan

5 Department of Botany, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan

6 Department of Natural Science, University of Baltistan, Gilgit- Baltistan, Pakistan

Abstract

This study, conducted from 2017 to 2022, assessed and annotated a checklist of angiosperm species and their ecological attributes from the eroded areas along the River Kurram across an altitudinal gradient. The annotated list comprises 425 species belonging to 91 families, including 342 dicotyledonous species (80.47%) and 83 monocotyledonous species (19.52%). Among the families, Poaceae was dominant, comprising 42 species (9.88%), followed by Asteraceae with 37 species (8.70%). Fabaceae and Amaranthaceae each had 32 species (7.52%), with an additional 23 species (5.41%) for Amaranthaceae. Solanaceae also had 32 species (7.52%), followed by Brassicaceae with 15 species (3.52%), and Euphorbiaceae and Polygonaceae each with 13 species (3.05%). The remaining families had 12 species (2.82%) or fewer. The biological spectrum showed that therophytes were the most prevalent life form, with 228 species (53.64%), followed by hemicryptophytes with 44 species (10.35%), nanophanerophytes with 39 species (9.17%), and geophytes with 32 species (7.52%). The leaf size spectrum revealed that nanophylls accounted for 138 species (32.47%), followed by microphylls with 119 species (28.00%), while 10 species were aphyllous. Additionally, 286 species (67.29%) had a simple leaf lamina, and 24 species (5.64%) had a spiny leaf lamina. The habitats in the study area are severely affected by continuous landslides and soil erosion, primarily due to overflooding and other natural disasters.

Keywords

Main Subjects


 Introduction

Vegetation coverage is important for the ecological environment and can indicate climate, edaphic conditions, and elevation (Zhou et al., 2006; Hussain et al., 2020). The River Kurram is a biodiversity hotspot with unique species diversity due to altitudinal variation (Gilani et al., 2003; Badshah et al., 2016). It passes through the Kurram district, originating from small streams and meeting with Kirman downstream. The river receives occasional float torrents from Koh-e-Safaid and rain drainage from the hills at Parachinar. It enters North Waziristan after passing through Parachinar and crosses into Bannu district before joining the river Indus near Isa Khel. The river flattens out in the Bannu district and flows into the Indus in the Mianwali district (Sajida et al., 2013; Yousaf et al., 2018).

Soil erosion is a major issue that decreases agricultural productivity, water capacity, and soil fertility, leading to vegetation degradation (Wu et al., 1994). The vegetation in these eroded areas is highly disturbed due to overflooding during the monsoon rainfall season, which is often linked to anthropogenic activities such as the construction of bridges, roads, and buildings. The areas adjacent to the river are at high risk of landslides and soil erosion due to overflooding during the monsoon rains, leading to ecological problems. Therefore, the terrain varies from mountainous to plain slopes. The climate of the area, based on the elevation gradient, ranges from dry temperate (Koh-e-Safaid) to tropical areas (River Indus at Mianwali). The majority of the area lies along the banks of the River Kurram, consisting of agricultural fields, and most of the region is now covered by the Billion Tree Tsunami project, which aims to protect against landslides and soil erosion along the riverbank. Consequently, most of the investigated area contains various water bodies along the riverbanks, such as ponds, marshy areas, streams, canals, drainage ditches, and small ponds. Many irrigation canals and civil channels branch off from the River Kurram, irrigating around 32,000 hectares (80,000 acres) of land (Khair et al., 2021).

 

Abbas et al., (2020) collected and studied an annotated list of angiosperms from eroded regions along the river Kurram, focusing on phytoecological characteristics. However, it is important to also consider human livelihoods in relation to vegetation patterns in mountain regions, as people rely on diverse vegetation for their livelihoods (Byers & Sainju, 1994). Incorporating local ethnobotanical knowledge into plant ecological research can help validate diversity patterns and promote collaboration with local communities in biodiversity assessment and conservation management (Shrestha & Medley, 2017; Sop et al., 2012)

Floristic assessment is essential for the exploration, sustainable utilization and conservation of plant biodiversity and their ecological management, providing the basis for further comprehensive research (Noor et al., 2020). The diversity and ecological characteristics of the angiosperms of a particular area depend upon environmental conditions, including climate, edaphic condition and elevation (Khan et al., 2013a). Thus ecological characteristics, such as life form, leaf spectra and phenological patterns, can be used as indicators of prevailing environmental conditions (Khan et al., 2012). The study of floristic composition is a common taxonomic practice as it provides the baseline information for subsequent, more detailed ecological investigation as well as planning for conservation and sustainable management of the resources of the area. The concept of life form was first introduced by Humboldt with the term vegetative form (Nicolson, 2013). It ranked next to floristic composition in ecological studies and is the outcome of the adaptation of plants to certain climatic conditions. Amber et al., (2019), the life form of a plant reflects the climate of the area and is also useful in comparing the geographical distribution of plant communities.

However, the objectives of the current investigation are to assess the angiospermic checklist and their phytoecological characteristics from the eroded areas lying at the bank of river Kurram. Further, the impact of land sliding and soil erosion on vegetation degradation which is due to over flooding during the moon soon rainfall at that high altitude region of the investigated area. Moreover, the study also focused on whether vegetation type is linked with environmental conditions of the areas that predict the climate and edaphic conditions at different altitudinal gradients. In addition to this Alternanthera philoxeroides was recorded among the angiospermic checklist for the first to Flora of Pakistan. Hence, the land sliding and soil erosion due to over flooding in the studied area causes land as well as vegetation degradation for which we should plant deep rooted tree covers along both sides river to protect the land and conserve vegetation from this natural disaster. 

 

Materials and Methods

Study area and data collections

This study was carried out on vegetation of eroded areas lying on the bank of river Kurram, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan along with an elevational gradient (Figure 1). For this study, only angiospermic species were collected from the different hotspots from 2017 to 2022 (Table 1). The area varies from mountainous to plane slopes so, based on elevation gradient the area lies in between temperate to tropical zones which show variation in their climate. The temperature was recorded at their temperate zone (Koh-e-safaid) in summer maximum of 25.43 °C while, in winter reached to –1.0 °C. But, in their tropical region (river Indus near Isa Khel, district Mianwali) maximum temperature in summer is 46.12 °C whereas, in winter reaches 10.81°C was recorded in the month of July. Similarly, rainfall and relative humidity vary from area to area because the investigated lie with an altitudinal gradient. Each plant specimens were properly photographed by camera in the field (Plates 13). Therefore, the collected specimens were properly preserved, dried and pressed with blotting paper, tagged with and then passed through the poisoning process. Further, the plants were mounted on standard herbarium sheets with field information. Further, the preserved specimens were properly identified from Flora of Pakistan (https://www.tropicos.org/Project/Pakistan), and from the previously published data (Ali, 2008; Ali & Nasir, 1989; Ali & Qaiser, 1986). For, the valid scientific names of plants were followed by plants of the world online (https://powo.science.kew.org/), and confirmed from international plant names index (https://www.ipni.org/). After, identification the plant specimens were deposited to the Herbarium of the Botany Department University of Peshawar (HUP).

 

Figure 1. Red dot showing the collection sites in study area (River Kurram).

 

Ecological characteristics

In this study, angiosperm species were classified based on the biological spectrum classes such as life form, leaf size, leaf lamina and habit as well as habitats according to Raunkiaer (1934), Hussain (1989) and Hussain et al., (2020). Further, the percentage of each class was determined by following Badshah et al., (2013), Hussain et al., (2015), and Zaman & Badshah (2021).

 

Results and Discussion

Angiosperm configuration

The present study was the first time attempt to enlist the angiospermic diversity and their phytoecological characteristics from the eroded areas at the river Kurram (Table 1). The current study comprised 425 species of angiosperms belonging to 89 families (Table 2). It included 342 (80.47%) dicotyledonous (Eudicots) and 83 (19.52%) monocotyledonous (Monocots) species belonging to 70 (78.65%) and 19 (21.35%) families respectively (Table 1 - 3). The leading family was Poaceae with 42 species (21%), followed by Asteraceae with 37 species (19%), Fabaceae with 32 species (16%), Amaranthaceae with 23 species (5.41%), Solanaceae with 20 species (10%), Brassicaceae with 15 species (8%), Euphorbiaceae and Polygonaceae each with 13 species (6,7,7%), Apiaceae 12 species (6%) and the remaining family like Cyperaceae and Rosaceae each with 11 species (2.58%), Lamiaceae with 10 species (2.35%), Apocyanaceae, Boraginaceae, Cucurbitaceae, Malvaceae and Scrophulariaceae each with 8 species (1.88%), Mimosaceae,  Myrtaceae and Plantaginaceae each with 6 species (1.41%), Zygophyllaceae with 5 species (1.17%), Arecaceae, Juncaceae, Caryophyllaceae and Convolvulaceae each with 4 species (0.94%). However, the remaining families with three species or less than three are represented in (Table 1). For each species, all the preliminary data like local name, common name, life form, leaf size, leaf lamina, habit, habitat and family were provided in (Table 1). From this annotated checklist one species for the first time recorded in viz., Alternanthera philoxeroides. In addition, a few species were investigated as invasive namely, Alternanthera philoxeroides, Broussonetia papyrifera, Parthenium hysterophorus, Solanum elaeagnifolium, Verbesina encelioides and Tagetes minuta from the studied area which is considered as an agricultures threats.

 

 

Table 1. Angiospermic flora and ecological characteristics from eroded regions along River Kurram, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. G: Geophytes, Th: Therophytes, H: Hemocryptophytes, Hydro: Hydrophytes, Ch: Chamaephytes, Np: Nanophanerophytes, MicP: Microphanerophytes, Mesp: Mesophenerophytes, Megp: Megaphenerophytes, AP: Aphyllous, L: Leptophyll, Na: Nanophyll, Mic: Microphyll, Mes: Mesophyll, Mac: Microphyll, Meg: Megaphylly, S: Simple, Sp: Spiny, Com: Compound, Dis: Dissected, Abs: absent, H: Herb, S: Shrub, T: Tree, C: Climber, L: Liana, Af: Agricultural fields, D: Dry slopes, W: Wet places, Cu: Cultivated, Gy: Graveyards, F: Forest, M: Moist places, W: Wet, I: Introduced, Epi: Epiphyte.

S. No

Botanical Name

Local Name

English Name

Voucher  Specimen

Life Form

Leaf Size

Leaf Lamina

Habit

Habitat

(Monocotyledonous flora): Alismataceae

1.                     

Alisma plantago-aquatica Linn.

Abay-beta

Mad-dog weed

A200027-PUH

Hydro

Mac

S

H

W

2.                     

Sagittaria trifolia Linn.

Abay-gull

Chinese Arrowroot

A200028-PUH

Hydro

Mes

Com

H

W

Amaryllidaceae

3.                     

Allium cepa Linn.

Piyaz

Onion

A200029-PUH

G

Mes

S

H

Af

4.                     

Allium sativum Linn.

Yeezha

Garlic

A200030-PUH

G

Mes

S

H

Af

Araceae

5.                     

Colocasia esculenta (Linn.) Schott

Kurchali

Taro

A200031-PUH

G

Meg

S

H

Af

6.                     

Pistia stratiotes Linn.

Abay-beta

Water lettuce

A200032-PUH

Hydro

Na

S

H

W

Arecaceae

7.                     

Livistona chinensis (Jacq.) R.Br. ex Mart.

Mazuri-hajera

Chinese fan palm

A200033-PUH

Np

Mes

Com

S

I

8.                     

Nannorrhops ritchieana  (Griff.) Aitch.

Mazra

Mazari palm

A199610-PUH

Np

Meg

Com

S

D

9.                     

Phoenix dactylifera Linn.

Hajera

Date palm

A200035-PUH

Megp

Mes

Com

T

D

10.                   

Phoenix loureiroi Kunth

Zhangli Hajera

Mountain date palm

A200034-PUH

Megp

Mes

Com

T

D

Asparagaceae

11.                   

Asparagus monophyllus Baker

Kabra-beta

Sparrow grass

A199611-PUH

Ch

L

Abs

S

Gy

Asphodelaceae

12.                   

Asphodelus tenuifolius Cav.

Piozikai

Weed of fields

A199612-PUH

G

Na

S

H

D

Canaceae

13.                   

Canna indica Linn.

Valla-gorha gull

Purple arrowroot

A199613-PUH

Ch

Meg

S

H

M

Ceratophyllaceae

14.                   

Ceratophyllum demersum Linn.

Unknown

Coontail

A199615-PUH

Hydro

Mes

S

H

W

Cyperaceae

15.                   

Bolboschoenus affinis (Roth) Drobow

Dilliye

Sea  clubrush

A199614-PUH

G

Na

S

H

M

16.                   

Cyperus alopecuroides Rottb.

Diloka

Smooth flatsedge.

A199619-PUH

G

Mic

S

H

M

17.                   

Cyperus difformis Linn.

Diloka

Rice sedge

A199617-PUH

G

Na

S

H

M

18.                   

Cyperus flavidus Retz.

Unknown

Unknown

A199625-PUH

G

Na

S

H

W

19.                   

Cyperus michelianus subsp. pygmaeus (Rottb.) Asch. & Graebn.

Unknown

Dwarf flat sedge

A199616-PUH

G

Na

S

H

W

20.                   

Cyperus rotundus Linn.

Diloka

Purple nut sedge

A199618-PUH

G

Na

S

H

M

21.                   

Eleocharis geniculata (Linn.) Roem. & Schult.

Howar

Spikerush

A199620-PUH

G

Na

S

H

W

22.                   

Eleocharis palustris (Linn.) Roem. & Schult.

Unknown

Marsh spike-rush

A199621-PUH

G

Na

S

H

W

23.                   

Fimbristylis dichotoma (Linn.) Vahl

Abay-beta

Forked fimbry

A199622-PUH

G

Mic

S

H

W

24.                   

Schoenoplectus litoralis (Schrad.) Palla

Abay-beta

Club-rush

A199623-PUH

G

Na

S

H

M

25.                   

Schoenoplectus triqueter (Linn.) Palla

Abay-Rabuz

Bulrush

A199624-PUH

G

AP

S

H

M

Hydrocharitaceae

26.                   

Hydrilla verticillata (Linn.f.) Royle

Abay-beta

Waterthyme /Hydrilla

A199626-PUH

Hydro

Mes

S

H

W

27.                   

Vallisneria spiralis Linn.

Abay-beta

Eel grass

A199627-PUH

Hydro

Mes

S

H

W

Iridaceae

28.                   

Iris aitchisonii (Baker) Boiss.

Gull-nargus

Lilly

A199628-PUH

G

Mes

S

H

D

29.                   

Moraea sisyrinchium (Linn.) Ker Gawl.

Diliyee

Barbary Nut

A199629-PUH

G

Mes

S

H

D

Juncaceae

30.                   

Juncus articulatus Linn.

Warha-Rabuz

Jointed rush

A199633-PUH

G

Na

S

H

M

31.                   

Juncus bufonius Linn.

Abay- khwar

Toad rush

A199630-PUH

G

Na

S

H

M

32.                   

Juncus inflexus Linn.

Rabuz

Soft rush

A199632-PUH

G

Na

S

H

M

33.                   

Juncus maritimus Lam.

Ghta -Rabuz

Sea rush

A199631-PUH

G

Na

S

H

M

Lemnaceae

34.                   

Lemna minor Linn.

Abay rush

Common Duckweed

A199634-PUH

Hydro

L

Abs

H

W

Musaceae

35.                   

Musa × paradisiaca Linn.

Kela

Banana

A199635-PUH

H

Meg

S

H

Cu

Orchidaceae

36.                   

Zeuxine strateumatica (Linn.) Schltr.

Speen–beta

Lawn orchid

A199637-PUH

H

Mic

S

H

D

Poaceae

37.                   

Alopecurus myosuroides Huds.

Khowar

Black-grass

A199639-PUH

H

Na

S

H

D

38.                   

Apluda mutica Linn.

Khawar

Para  grass

A199638-PUH

H

Na

S

H

D

39.                   

Aristida cyanantha Steud.

Speen lummi

Wire grass

A199640-PUH

H

Na

S

H

D

40.                   

Arundo donax Linn.

Nall

Giant reed

A199641-PUH

Ch

Mic

S

H

M

41.                   

Avena fatua Linn.

Karyarha

Wild oat

A199642-PUH

Th

Mic

S

H

M

42.                   

Avena sativa Linn.

Karyana

Oat

A199644-PUH

Th

Mic

S

H

M

43.                   

Bambusa arundinacea (Retz.) Willd.

Bosh

Bamboo

A199643-PUH

Th

Na

S

H

Cu

44.                   

Bromus catharticus Vahl.

Khowar

Prairiee grass

A199647-PUH

Th

Mic

S

H

D

45.                   

Bromus japonicus Thunb.

Khowar

Brome grass

A199646-PUH

Th

Mic

S

H

M

46.                   

Cenchrus biflorus Roxb.

Kapray aghzay

Indian sandbur

A199648-PUH

H

L

S

H

D

47.                   

Cenchrus ciliaris Linn.

Qarashkai

African foxtail grass

A199650-PUH

H

Na

S

H

D

48.                   

Cymbopogon citratus (DC.) Stapf

Limon-grass

Lemon grass

A199652-PUH

H

Mes

S

H

Cu

49.                   

Cymbopogon jwarancusa (Jones ex Roxb.) Schult.

Sargurha

Jwarancusa Grass

A199651-PUH

H

Mic

S

H

D

50.                   

Cynodon dactylon (Linn.) Pers.

Baruwa

Bermuda grass

A199653-PUH

H

Mic

S

H

M

51.                   

Dactyloctenium aegyptium (Linn.) Willd.

Khwar

Egyptian crowfoot grass

A199655-PUH

Th

Na

S

H

D

52.                   

Dactyloctenium scindicum Boiss.

Unknown

Crowfoot grass

A199654-PUH

Th

Na

S

H

D

53.                   

Desmostachya bipinnata (Linn.) Stapf

Surmul

Halfa grass

A199656-PUH

H

Na

S

H

Gy

54.                   

Dichanthium annulatum (Forssk.) Stapf

Khwar

Marvel grass

A199657-PUH

H

Na

S

H

M

55.                   

Dinebra panicea (Retz.) P.M.Peterson & N.Snow

Samyaka khowar

Mucronate Sprangletop

A199661-PUH

Th

Na

S

H

M

56.                   

Echinochloa crus-galli (Linn.) P. Beauv.

Khwar

Cockspur grass

A199658-PUH

Th

Na

S

H

M

57.                   

Hordeum vulgare Linn.

Arbushay

Naked  barley

A199660-PUH

Th

Na

S

H

Af

58.                   

Imperata cylindrica (Linn.) Raeusch.

Khowar

Kunai grass

A199659-PUH

Th

Na

S

H

D

59.                   

Lolium temulentum Linn.

Jawdar

Darnel ryegrass

A199663-PUH

Th

Na

S

H

M

60.                   

Oryza sativa Linn.

Shelley

Rice

A199662-PUH

Th

Na

S

H

Af

61.                   

Paspalum distichum Linn.

Darga-beta

Crown grass

A199664-PUH

Th

Na

S

H

M

62.                   

Phalaris minor Retz.

Khowar

Lesser-canary grass

A199665-PUH

Th

Na

S

H

M

63.                   

Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steud.

Karhka

Common Reed

A199666-PUH

Ch

Na

S

H

M

64.                   

Phragmites karka (Retz.) Trin. ex Steud.

Karhka-nall

Tall Reed grass

A199668-PUH

Ch

Mes

S

H

M

65.                   

Poa annua Linn.

Khowar

Meadow grass

A199667-PUH

H

L

S

H

M

66.                   

Poa bulbosa Linn.

Khowar

Blue grass

A199670-PUH

Th

L

S

H

M

67.                   

Polypogon monspeliensis (Linn.) Desf.

Khowar

Beard-grass

A199669-PUH

Th

Na

S

H

M

68.                   

Polypogon viridis (Gouan) Breistr.

Khowar

Water bent

A199636-PUH

H

Na

S

H

M

69.                   

Saccharum officinarum Linn.

Gaana

Sugar  cane

A199672-PUH

H

Mes

S

H

Af

70.                   

Setaria pumila (Poir.) Roem. & Schult.

Sherakai

Pigeon  grass

A199673-PUH

Th

L

S

H

D

71.                   

Sorghum bicolor (Linn.Moench

Khwor -jiwor

Great millet

A199675-PUH

H

Mic

S

H

Af

72.                   

Sorghum halepense (Linn.) Pers

Didam

Johnson grass

A199676-PUH

H

Mic

S

H

D

73.                   

Tripidium bengalense (Retz.) H.Scholz

Omaxha

Kans grass

A199674-PUH

H

Mes

S

H

D

74.                   

Tripidium ravennae (Linn.) H.Scholz

Mushkuni

hardy  sugar cane

A199671-PUH

H

Mes

S

H

D

75.                   

Triticum aestivum Linn.

Ghanam

Wheat

A199677-PUH

Th

Mes

S

H

Af

76.                   

Urochloa ramosa (Linn.) T.Q.Nguyen

Ghozhawar

Signal grass

A199645-PUH

Th

Mic

S

H

Af

77.                   

Urochloa reptans (Linn.) Stapf

Angrazi ghozhawar

Running grass

A199649-PUH

Th

Mic

S

H

D

78.                   

Zea mays Linn.

Jiwor

Maize

A199678-PUH

Th

Mac

S

H

Af

Potamogetonaceae

79.                   

Potamogeton pusillus Linn.

Abay-beta

Lesser pondweed

A199680-PUH

Hydro

Na

S

H

W

80.                   

Potamogeton nodosus Poir.

Unknown

Long-leaf pondweed

A199679-PUH

Hydro

L

S

H

W

Typhaceae

81.                   

Typha domingensis Pers

Abay-Deela

Southern cattail

A199681-PUH

Hydro

Mes

S

H

W

82.                   

Typha latifolia Linn.

Deela

Broadleaf cattail

A199683-PUH

Hydro

Mes

S

H

W

Zingiberaceae

83.                   

Curcuma longa Linn.

Kurkaman

Turmeryte

A199682-PUH

G

Mes

S

H

Af

(Dicotyledonous flora): Acanthaceae

84.                   

Dicliptera bupleuroides Nees

Unknown

Thorowax Foldwing

A199685-PUH

Th

L

S

H

D

85.                   

Justicia adhatoda Linn.

Kurma khas

Malabar nut

A199684-PUH

Th

Na

S

S

D

86.                   

Rostellularia peploides (Nees) Nees

Ganda-beta

Unknown

A199686-PUH

Th

Na

S

H

M

Aizoaceae

87.                   

Zaleya pentandra (Linn.) C.Jeffrey

Unknown

African purslane

A199687-PUH

Ch

Na

S

H

D

Amaranthaceae

88.                   

Achyranthes aspera Linn.

Shpazhoka

Devil's horsewhip

A199688-PUH

Th

Mic

S

H

M

89.                   

Aerva javanica (Burm.f.) Juss. ex Schult.

Speraie-beta

Desert cotton

A199690-PUH

H

Na

S

H

D

90.                   

Alternanthera philoxeroides (Mart.) Griseb.

Abay beta

Alligator weed

A199689-PUH

H

L

S

H

W

91.                   

Alternanthera pungens Kunth

Ganda-beta

Khaki weed

A199691-PUH

H

Mic

S

H

M

92.                   

Alternanthera sessilis (Linn.) R.Br. ex DC.

Unknown

Sessile joyweed

A199692-PUH

H

Mic

S

H

W

93.                   

Amaranthus viridis Linn.

Ranzuka

Slender amaranth

A199693-PUH

Th

Mic

S

H

M

94.                   

Atriplex griffithii Moq.

Unknown

Turkestanistan spinach

A199802-PUH

Th

Mic

S

H

Af

95.                   

Atriplex tatarica Linn.

Unknown

Saltbush

A199791-PUH

Th

Mic

S

S

Gy

96.                   

Bassia indica (Wight) A.J.Scott

Khass

Desert bush

A199694-PUH

H

L

S

H

D

97.                   

Bassia indica (Wight) A.J.Scott

Unknown

Bassia

A199798-PUH

Th

Mic

S

S

D

98.                   

Beta vulgaris subsp. maritima (Linn.) Arcang.

Patawar

Sea beet

A199792-PUH

Th

Na

S

H

D

99.                   

Caroxylon imbricatum (Forssk.) Moq.

Unknown

Saltwort

A199799-PUH

Th

Mic

S

H

D

100.                

Celosia argentea Linn.

Palash gull

Plumed cockscomb

A199695-PUH

Th

Mes

S

H

D

101.                

Chenopodiastrum murale (Linn.) S.Fuentes, Uotila & Borsch

Sohebu

Nettle-leaved goose foot

A199796-PUH

Th

Mes

S

H

M

102.                

Chenopodium album Linn.

Surma

Lamb‘s quarters

A199794-PUH

Th

Mes

S

H

M

103.                

Digera muricata (Linn.) Mart.

Ranzuka

Smooth pigweed

A199696-PUH

Th

Mic

S

H

M

104.                

Dysphania ambrosioides (Linn.) Mosyakin & Clemants

Jangli surma

Worm seed

 

A199793-PUH

Th

Mes

S

H

M

105.                

Dysphania botrys (Linn.) Mosyakin & Clemants

Kso-surma

Jerusalem-oak

A199795-PUH

Th

Mic

Dis

H

D

106.                

Gomphrena celosioides Mart.

Unknown

Gomphrena Weed

A199697-PUH

Th

Mic

S

H

M

107.                

Salsola tragus Linn.

Unknown

Prickly Russian thistle

A199800-PUH

H

L

Sp

H

D

108.                

Spinacia oleracea subsp. turkestanica (Iljin) Del Guacchio & P.Caputo

Maghli-sobu

Spinach

A199803-PUH

Th

Mic

S

H

Af

109.                

Suaeda fruticosa Forssk. ex J.F.Gmel.

Zumaye

Sby seablight

A199801-PUH

Th

L

S

S

Gy

110.                

Tecticornia indica (Willd.) K.A.Sheph. & Paul G.Wilson

Unknown

Haloxylon

A199797-PUH

Th

AP

Abs

H

M

Anacardiaceae

111.                

Mangifera indica Linn.

Amm

Mango

A199699-PUH

Megp

Mes

S

T

Cu

Apiaceae

112.                

Apium graveolens Linn.

Soya

Celery

A199698-PUH

Th

Na

Com

H

D

113.                

Bowlesia incana Ruiz & Pav.

Kso-bota

Hoary bowlesia

A199701-PUH

Th

Mic

Dis

H

M

114.                

Centella asiatica (Linn.) Urb.

Gurhmar

Gotu Kola

A199700-PUH

Hydro

Mic

S

H

W

115.                

Coriandrum sativum Linn.

Danrhya

Coriander

A199702-PUH

Th

Na

Com

H

Af

116.                

Daucus carota Linn.

Gajara

Carrot

A199703-PUH

Th

Na

Dis

H

Af

117.                

Eryngium caeruleum M.Bieb.

Unknown

Sea holly

A199704-PUH

Th

Mic

Dic

H

D

118.                

Foeniculum vulgare Mill.

Sop

Fennel

A199705-PUH

Th

Na

Dis

H

Af

119.                

Oenanthe javanica (Blume) DC.

Abay-beta

Japanese parsley

A199706-PUH

Hydro

Na

Com

H

W

120.                

Psammogeton biternatus Edgew.

Unknown

Unknown

A199707-PUH

Th

L

Dis

H

D

121.                

Scandix pecten-veneris Linn.

Unknown

Stork's needle

A199708-PUH

Th

Mic

Dis

H

D

122.                

Torilis leptophylla (Linn.) Rchb.f.

Unknown

Hedge-parsley

A199709-PUH

Th

Na

Dis

H

D

123.                

Trachyspermum ammi (Linn.) Sprague

Sperkuye

Ajwain

A199710-PUH

Th

Na

Dis

H

D

 

Apocyanaceae

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

124.                

Calotropis procera (Aiton) W.T.Aiton

Spalmaka

Sodom apple

A199714-PUH

Np

Mes

S

S

D

125.                

Catharanthus roseus (Linn.) G.Don

Gull –e-bahar

Rose periwinkle

A199711-PUH

Ch

Mic

S

H

Cu

126.                

Leptadenia pyrotechnica (Forssk.) Decne.

Unknown

Leptadenia

A199715-PUH

Th

Ap

Abs

S

D

127.                

Nerium oleander Linn.

Ser -gandarii

Oleander

A199712-PUH

Np

Na

S

S

Cu

128.                

Oxystelma esculentum (Linn. f.) Sm.

Pervithiyee

Rosy Milkweed Vine

A199716-PUH

H

Mes

S

C

M

129.                

Periploca aphylla Decne.

Unknown

Periploca

A199718-PUH

Np

Ap

Abs

S

D

130.                

Rhazya stricta Decne.

Nakrizi- beta

Eshvarak

A199713-PUH

Np

Mic

S

S

D

131.                

Vincetoxicum spirale (Forssk.) D.Z.Li

Film pervithiyee

Dog-strangling vine

A199717-PUH

H

Mes

S

C

Gy

 

Asteraceae

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

132.                

Artemisia vulgaris Linn.

Unknown

Mugwort

A199719-PUH

Th

Na

Dis

H

D

133.                

Bidens pilosa Linn.

Unknown

Black-jack

A199720-PUH

Th

Na

Com

H

M

134.                

Calendula arvensis Linn.

Zarhi-gull

Field marigold

A199721-PUH

Th

Mic

S

H

D

135.                

Centaurea iberica Trevir. ex Spreng.

Kso beta

Iberian star-thistle

A199722-PUH

Th

Mic

Dis

H

D

136.                

Carduus edelbergii Rech.f.

Unknown

Silver thistle

A199723-PUH

Th

Mic

Sp

H

D

137.                

Carthamus oxyacanthus M.Bieb.

Konzulla

 Wild Safflower

A199724-PUH

Th

Mic

Sp

H

D

138.                

Phonus lanatus (Linn.) Hill

Unknown

Unknown

A199725-PUH

Th

Mic

Sp

H

D

139.                

Carthamus tinctorius Linn.

Konzulla

Safflower

A199726-PUH

Th

Mic

Sp

H

D

140.                

Cichorium intybus Linn.

Tarizha

Common chicory

A199727-PUH

Th

Na

S

H

M

141.                

Cirsium arvense (Linn.Scop.

Aghzaii

Creeping thistle

A199728-PUH

Th

Mes

Sp

H

M

142.                

Erigeron bonariensis Linn.

Shpelay

Argentine fleabane

A199729-PUH

Th

Mic

S

H

M

143.                

Echinops echinatus Roxb.

Aghziki gull

Globe thistle

A199730-PUH

Ch

Mic

Sp

H

D

144.                

Eclipta prostrata (Linn.) Linn.

Warhi-beta

False  daisy

A199731-PUH

Th

Na

S

H

M

145.                

Filago pyramidata Linn.

Gabray  bota

Broadleaf cottonrose

A199732-PUH

Th

Mic

S

H

Gy

146.                

Galinsoga amboensis D.L.Schulz

Unknown

Gallant soldier

A199733-PUH

Th

Mic

S

H

M

147.                

Helianthus annuus Linn.

Suraj-makhi

Sun flower

A199734-PUH

Th

Mes

S

H

Af

148.                

Hertia intermedia (Boiss.) Kuntze

Gonga

Hertia

A199735-PUH

Th

Mic

S

S

D

149.                

Ifloga spicata (Forssk.) Sch. Bip.

Unknown

Ifloga

A199736-PUH

Th

L

S

H

D

150.                

Iphiona grantioides (Boiss.) Anderb.

Unknown

Iphiona

A199737-PUH

Th

Mic

S

S

D

151.                

Lactuca serriola Linn.

Kso-beta

Prickly lettuce

A199738-PUH

Th

Mes

Sp

H

M

152.                

Launaea secunda Hook.f.

Kso-beta

Unknown

A199739-PUH

Th

Mes

Dis

H

D

153.                

Launaea procumbens (Roxb.) Ramayya & Rajagopal

Piawrie

Creeping Launea

A199740-PUH

H

L

Dic

H

D

154.                

Lactuca sativa Linn.

Salad

Lettuce

A199741-PUH

Th

Mes

S

H

Af

155.                

Parthenium hysterophorus Linn.

Kherh-beta

Santa-Maria

A199742-PUH

Th

Mic

Dis

H

D

156.                

Pluchea lanceolata (DC.) C.B.Clarke

Kabra-beta

Rasna

A199743-PUH

Th

Mic

S

H

Gy

157.                

Pulicaria boissieri Hook.f.

Unknown

Unknown

A199744-PUH

Th

Mic

S

H

D

158.                

Pulicaria vulgaris Gaertn.

Zyarhu gul

False fleabane

A199745-PUH

Th

Na

Sp

H

M

159.                

Reichardia tingitana (Linn.) Roth

Unknown

False sowthistle

A199746-PUH

G

Na

Dis

H

D

160.                

Silybum marianum (Linn.) Gaertn.

Pas - Aghuzikai

Mary thistle

A199747-PUH

Th

Mes

Sp

H

M

161.                

Sonchus asper (Linn.) Hill

Aghuzikai

Rough milk thistle

A199748-PUH

Th

Mic

Sp

H

M

162.                

Sonchus oleraceus Linn.

Aghuzikai

Sow-thistle

A199749-PUH

Th

Mic

Sp

H

M

163.                

Symphyotrichum subulatum (Michx.) G.L.Nesom

Kso-beta

California aster

A199750-PUH

H

Mic

S

H

M

164.                

Tagetes minuta Linn.

Ganda-gull

Southern Cone Marigold

A199751-PUH

Th

Na

Com

H

D

165.                

Taraxacum officinale F.H.Wigg.

Tarexha

Dandelion

A199752-PUH

Th

Mic

S

H

M

166.                

Verbesina encelioides (Cav.) Benth. & Hook.f. ex A.Gray

Kurma -Gull

Cowpen daisy

A199753-PUH

Th

Mic

S

H

D

167.                

Xanthium spinosum Linn.

Aghzikai

Spiny cocklebur

A199754-PUH

Th

Mic

S

H

D

168.                

Xanthium strumarium Linn.

Katasora

Rough Cocklebur

A199755-PUH

Th

Mes

S

H

D

Bignoniaceae

169.                

Tecomella undulata (Sm.) Seem.

Zangli gull

Tecomella

A199756-PUH

Megp

Mic

S

T

D

Boraginaceae

170.                

Arnebia guttata subsp. griffithii (Boiss.) Sadat

Zeeiarh gull

Arnebia borage

A199757-PUH

Th

L

S

H

D

171.                

Cordia myxa Linn.

Ghata Losurha

Lasura

A199758-PUH

Megp

Mes

S

T

Cu

172.                

Ehretia obtusifolia Hochst. ex A.DC.

Ghatabotai

Lunsa

A199759-PUH

Np

Mic

S

T

D

173.                

Euploca strigosa (Willd.) Diane & Hilger

Unknown

Heliotropes

A199763-PUH

Th

L

S

H

D

174.                

Heliotropium bacciferum Forssk.

Ganda bota

Ghareir

A199760-PUH

Th

Mic

S

H

D

175.                

Heliotropium curassavicum Linn.

Lashti bota

Salt heliotrope

A199761-PUH

Th

Mic

S

H

D

176.                

Heliotropium europaeum Linn.

Unknown

European turn-sole

A199762-PUH

Th

Mic

S

H

D

177.                

Nonea caspica (Willd.) G.Don

Unknown

Monkswort

A199764-PUH

Th

Mic

S

H

D

Brassicaceae

178.                

Diplotaxis griffithii (Hook.f. & Thomson) Boiss.

Woerii

Field mustard

A199765-PUH

Th

Mac

S

H

Af

179.                

Brassica deflexa Boiss.

Ter –woerii

Mustard

A199766-PUH

Th

Mac

S

H

M

180.                

Coincya tournefortii (Gouan) Alcaraz, T.E.Díaz, Rivas Mart. & Sánchez-Gómez

Woerii

Brown  mustard

A199767-PUH

Th

Mic

S

H

M

181.                

Brassica rapa Linn.

Tapar

turnip rape

A199768-PUH

Th

Mic

S

H

Af

182.                

Lepidium draba Linn.

Bushta

Hoary cress

A199769-PUH

Th

Mic

S

H

M

183.                

Chorispora tenella (Pall.DC.

Unknown

Blue  mustard

A199770-PUH

Th

Mic

S

H

D

184.                

Lepidium didymum Linn.

Murghiyepal

Lesser swine cress

A199771-PUH

Th

Mic

Dis

H

M

185.                

Eruca sativa Mill.

Shashum

Garden rocket

A199772-PUH

Th

Mic

S

H

M

186.                

Farsetia jacquemontii Hook.f. & Thomson

Unknown

Farsetia

A199773-PUH

Np

L

S

H

D

187.                

Lepidium sativum Linn.

Bushta

Garden cress

A199774-PUH

Th

Mic

S

H

M

188.                

Strigosella africana (Linn.) Botsch.

Kurma-beta

African mustard

A199775-PUH

Th

Na

S

H

M

189.                

Nasturtium officinale W.T.Aiton

Abay –beta

Watercress

A199776-PUH

G

Mic

Com

H

W

190.                

Raphanus raphanistrum Linn.

Zangli –mileiay

Willd Radish

A199777-PUH

Th

Mes

Com

H

M

191.                

Raphanus sativus Linn.

Mileiay

Radish

A199778-PUH

Th

Mes

Com

H

Af

192.                

Sisymbrium irio Linn.

Woerii

London rocket

A199779-PUH

Th

Na

Dis

H

M

Cactaceae

193.                

Opuntia monacanthos (Willd.) Haw.

Thohar

Prickly pear

A199780-PUH

Np

Ap

Abs

S

D

Caesalpinioideae

194.                

Senna occidentalis (Linn.) Link

Unknown

Coffee Senna

A199781-PUH

Th

Mic

Com

S

D

195.                

Senna italica Mill.

Unknown

Italian senna

A199782-PUH

Th

Mes

Com

H

D

Canabaceae

196.                

Cannabis sativa Linn.

Banga-beta

Marijuana

A199783-PUH

Th

Mic

Com

H

M

Capparidaceae

197.                

Capparis decidua (Forssk.) Edgew.

Krerhaa

Karira

A199784-PUH

Np

Ap

Abs

T

Gy

198.                

Cleome brachycarpa Vahl ex DC.

Unknown

Rabran

A199785-PUH

Th

Mic

Com

H

D

199.                

Cleome viscosa Linn.

Gari-gull

Tick weed

A199786-PUH

Th

Na

Com

H

D

Caryophyllaceae

200.                

Herniaria hirsuta Linn.

Unknown

Hairy rupturewort

A199787-PUH

Np

Ap

Sp

H

M

201.                

Silene conoidea Linn.

Ser –gullai

Large sand catchfly

A199788-PUH

Th

Mic

S

H

D

202.                

Spergula arvensis Linn.

Unknown

Corn spurry,

A199789-PUH

Th

Na

S

H

M

203.                

Stellaria media (Linn.) Vill.

Speengullai

Chickweed

A199790-PUH

Th

Na

S

H

M

Convolvulaceae

204.                

Convolvulus arvensis Linn.

Parwathiye

Field bindweed

A199804-PUH

Th

Mes

S

C

D

205.                

Convolvulus prostratus Forssk.

Parwathiye

Creeping jenny

A199805-PUH

Th

Na

S

H

D

206.                

Ipomoea carnea subsp. fistulosa (Mart. ex Choisy) D.F.Austin

Darga –gull

Pink  morning glory

A199806-PUH

Th

Mes

S

C

M

207.                

Distimake aegyptius (Linn.) A.R.Simões & Staples

Parwathiye

Woodroses

A199807-PUH

Th

Mes

Com

C

M

Cucurbitaceae

208.                

Citrullus colocynthis (Linn.) Schrad.

Maraghunye

Bitter cucumber

A199808-PUH

Th

Mes

Dis

H

D

209.                

Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum. & Nakai

Khendwana

Watermelons

A199809-PUH

Th

Mic

Dis

H

D

210.                

Cucumis melo subsp. agrestis (Naudin) Pangalo

Kurhkundai

Wild Melon

A199810-PUH

Th

Mes

S

C

D

211.                

Cucurbita maxima Duchesne

Penta kado

Squash

A199811-PUH

Th

Mac

S

H

Af

212.                

Lagenaria siceraria (Molina) Standl.

Shen kado

Calabash

A199812-PUH

Th

Mes

S

C

Af

213.                

Luffa acutangula

(Linn.Roxb.

Babra -tori

Dish cloth gourd

A199813-PUH

Th

Mes

S

C

Af

214.                

Luffa cylindrica (Linn.) Roem.

Tori

Egyptian luffa

A199815-PUH

Th

Mac

S

C

Af

215.                

Momordica charantia Linn.

Karella

Bitter gourd

A199814-PUH

Th

Mes

Dis

C

Af

Cuscutaceae

216.                

Cuscuta reflexa Roxb.

Bera parvatkiy

Giant dodder

A199816-PUH

Th

Mic

Abs

C

Ep

Dipsacaceae

217.                

Lomelosia olivieri (Coult.) Greuter & Burdet

Post botay

Pincushion

A199817-PUH

H

Mes

S

H

D

Elaeagnaceae

218.                

Elaeagnus angustifolia Linn.

Kharwurha

Russian olive

A199818-PUH

Np

Mes

S

T

D

Euphorbiaceae

219.                

Chrozophora plicata (Vahl) A. Juss. ex Spreng.

Ganda-beta

Dyer's croton

A199820-PUH

Th

Mic

S

H

D

220.                

Croton bonplandianus Baill.

Muchakaii

Croton

A199821-PUH

Th

Na

S

H

D

221.                

Euphorbia dracunculoides Lam.

Unknown

Dragon spurge

A199825-PUH

Th

L

S

H

D

222.                

Euphorbia falcata Linn.

Uknown

Sickle-leaved spurge

A199826-PUH

Th

L

S

H

D

223.                

Euphorbia granulata Forssk.

Unknown

Unknown

A199827-PUH

Th

Na

S

H

D

224.                

Euphorbia helioscopia Linn.

Purporai

Sun spurge

A199822-PUH

Th

Na

S

H

M

225.                

Euphorbia heterophylla Linn.

Unknown

Dwarf poinsettia

A199824-PUH

Th

Mes

S

S

M

226.                

Euphorbia hirta Linn.

Ser-beta

Asthma-plant

A199823-PUH

Th

Na

S

H

M

227.                

Euphorbia hypericifolia Linn.

Perpurai

Indian spurge

A199828-PUH

Th

Na

S

H

D

228.                

Euphorbia prostrata Ait.

Piye-beta

Prostrate spurge

A199829-PUH

Th

L

S

H

M

229.                

Jatropha curcas Linn.

Jatropha

English-physic

A199830-PUH

Np

Mac

S

S

D

230.                

Leptopus cordifolius Decne.

Unknown

Unknown

A199819-PUH

Np

Mic

S

H

D

231.                

Ricinus communis Linn.

Rund

Castor bean

A199831-PUH

Np

Mac

S

T

D

Fabaceae

232.                

Alhagi maurorum Medik.

Thundoon

Camelthorn

A199832-PUH

H

L

S

H

D

233.                

Arachis hypogaea Linn.

Mongpali

Groundnut

A199833-PUH

Ch

Mes

Com

H

D

234.                

Argyrolobium roseum (Cambess.) Jaub. & Spach

Makhni Boti

Unknown

A199834-PUH

H

Na

Com

H

D

235.                

Astragalus ophiocarpus Benth. ex Bunge

Unknown

European milkvetch

A199835-PUH

H

Na

Com

H

D

236.                

Astragalus psilocentros Fisch.

Unknown

Locoweed

A199836-PUH

Np

Na

Com

S

D

237.                

Astragalus scorpiurus Bunge

Unknown

Pakistani milkvetch

A199837-PUH

H

Na

Com

H

D

238.                

Astragalus tribuloides Delile.

Unknown

Milkvetch

A199838-PUH

H

Na

Com

H

D

239.                

Caragana brevispina Benth.

Unknown

Long-Stalked Pea-S

A199839-PUH

Np

L

Com

S

M

240.                

Dalbergia sissoo Roxb. ex DC.

Shuwa

North Indian rosewood,

A199840-PUH

Megp

Mes

Com

T

Cu

241.                

Indigofera heterantha Wall. ex Brandis

Unkown

Himalayan indigo

A199841-PUH

Np

L

Com

S

M

242.                

Lathyrus aphaca Linn.

Jungli matar

Yellow pea

A199842-PUH

Th

Mic

Com

H

M

243.                

Lathyrus odoratus Linn.

Matar

Sweet Pea

A199843-PUH

Th

Mic

Com

H

M

244.                

Leobordea platycarpa (Viv.) B.-E.van Wyk & Boatwr.

Unkown

Lotononis

A199845-PUH

Th

Mic

Com

H

D

245.                

Lespedeza cuneata var. cuneata (Dum.Cours.) G.Don

Unkown

Unkown

A199844-PUH

Ch

Mic

Com

H

D

246.                

Lotus corniculatus Linn.

Mattarai

Common  vetch

A199863-PUH

Th

Na

Com

H

M

247.                

Medicago laciniata (Linn.) Mill.

Malkindiyee

Cutleaf medick

A199846-PUH

Th

Na

Com

H

D

248.                

Medicago lupulina Linn.

Malkindiyee

Black medick

A199847-PUH

Th

Na

Com

H

D

249.                

Medicago monantha (C.A.Mey.) Trautv.

Unknown

Wild Fenugreek

A199860-PUH

H

Na

Com

H

D

250.                

Medicago sativa Linn.

Malkindiyee

Alfalfa

A199848-PUH

Th

Na

Com

H

W

251.                

Melilotus albus Medik.

Shunzai

Honey clover

A199849-PUH

Th

Na

Com

H

M

252.                

Melilotus indicus (Linn.) All.

Shunzai

Sweet clover

A199850-PUH

Th

Na

Com

H

M

253.                

Onobrychis stewartii Baker

Unknown

Unknown

A199851-PUH

G

Na

Com

H

D

254.                

Phaseolus vulgaris Linn.

Mung

Green bean

A199852-PUH

Ch

Mes

Com

H

M

255.                

Pisum sativum Linn.

Mattar

Pea

A199853-PUH

Th

Na

Com

H

Af

256.                

Pongamia pinnata (Linn.) Pierre

karajata

Pongam oilT

A199854-PUH

Megp

Mes

Com

T

Cu

257.                

Sesbania sesban (Linn.) Merr.

Jatoon

Sesban

A199855-PUH

Th

Na

Com

T

D

258.                

Taverniera cuneifolia (Roth) Arn.

Warha shuwa

Taverniera

A199856-PUH

Th

Na

Com

S

D

259.                

Trifolium alexandrinum Linn.

Angrazi-Shfthala

Egyptian clover

A199857-PUH

Th

Na

Com

H

Af

260.                

Trifolium repens Linn.

Bannuwula-shafthala

White clover

A199858-PUH

Th

Na

Com

H

D

261.                

Trigonella foenum-graecum Linn.

Shambrhitha

Fenugreek

A199859-PUH

Th

Na

Com

H

Af

262.                

Vicia hirsuta (Linn.) S.F.Gray

Mattarai

Hairy  tare

A199861-PUH

Th

Na

Com

H

M

263.                

Vicia monantha Retz.

Matarai

Hard Vetch

A199862-PUH

Th

L

Com

C

M

Fumariaceae

264.                

Fumaria indica (Hausskn.) Pugsley

Sewa

Fumewort

A199864-PUH

Th

Na

Dis

H

M

265.                

Hypecoum pendulum Linn.

Unknown

Nodding hypecoum

A199865-PUH

Th

Na

Dis

H

D

Gentianaceae

266.                

Centaurium pulchellum (Sw.) Hayek ex Hand.-Mazz., Stadlm., Janch. & Faltis

Unknown

Lesser centaury

A199866-PUH

Th

L

Dis

H

D

Geraniaceae

267.                

Erodium cicutarium (Linn.) L'Hér.

Unknown

Stork's

A199867-PUH

Th

L

Com

H

D

268.                

Erodium malacoides (Linn.) L'Hér.

Unknown

Soft stork's-bill

A199868-PUH

Th

L

S

H

D

269.                

Geranium ocellatum Jacquem. ex Cambess.

Unknown

Black Eyed Geranium

A199869-PUH

Th

Mic

Dis

H

D

Lamiaceae

270.                

Mentha longifolia (Linn.) Linn.

Valina

Horse  mint

A199871-PUH

G

Na

S

H

M

271.                

Mentha royleana Wall. ex Benth.

Podina

Royle's mint

A199872-PUH

G

Na

S

H

M

272.                

Mentha spicata Linn.

Podina

Spearmint

A199870-PUH

G

Na

S

H

M

273.                

Ocimum basilicum  Linn.

Bobarai

Sweet basil

A199873-PUH

Ch

Na

S

H

Gy

274.                

Ocimum tenuiflorum Linn.

Lauvang bobarai

Holy basil

A199874-PUH

Ch

Na

S

H

Gy

275.                

Salvia aegyptiaca Linn.

Zangli-tukhmalang

Egyptian sage

A199875-PUH

H

Mes

S

H

D

276.                

Salvia moorcroftiana Wall. ex Benth.

Khushbo-beta

Kashmir Salvia

A199876-PUH

Th

Na

S

H

D

277.                

Salvia nubicola Wall. ex Sweet

Unkonwn

Himalayan Yellow Sage

A199877-PUH

Th

Mes

S

H

D

278.                

Scutellaria linearis Benth.

Unkonwn

Narrow-Leaved Skullcap

A199878-PUH

Th

Mic

S

H

D

279.                

Thymus linearis var. linearis Benth.

Khushbo-beta

Himalayan Thyme

A199879-PUH

H

L

S

H

M

Linaceae

280.                

Linum corymbulosum Rchb.

Unkonwn

Unkonwn

A199880-PUH

Th

L

S

H

D

Lythraceae

281.                

Ammannia auriculata Willd.

Unkonwn

Eared redstem

A199881-PUH

Th

Mic

S

H

M

Malvaceae

282.                

Abelmoschus esculentus (Linn.) Moench.

Bhindi

Lady  finger

A199882-PUH

Th

Mes

Sp

H

Af

283.                

Abutilon indicum (Linn.) Sweet

Koso beta

Indian mallow

A199883-PUH

Th

Mes

S

H

Gy

284.                

Hibiscus cannabinus Linn.

Sunrhu

Kenaf

A199884-PUH

Th

Mes

Dis

H

Af

285.                

Hibiscus trionum Linn.

Unknown

Bladder weed

A199885-PUH

Th

Mes

Sp

H

M

286.                

Malva neglecta Wallr.

Pathiway

Common mallow

A199886-PUH

Th

Mes

S

H

M

287.                

Malva parviflora Linn.

Pathiway

Cheeseweed

A199887-PUH

Th

Mic

S

H

M

288.                

Malvastrum coromandelianum (Linn.) Garcke

Koso-beta

Prickly malvastrum

A199888-PUH

Th

Na

S

H

D

289.                

Sida cordifolia Linn.

Khoso –beta

Country mallow

A199889-PUH

Th

Mic

S

H

Gy

Meliaceae

290.                

Azadirachta indica A.Juss.

Angrazi Bakarha

Neem

A199890-PUH

Megp

Na

Com

T

I

291.                

Melia azedarach Linn.

Bakarha

China berry T

A199891-PUH

Megp

Na

Com

T

Cu

Menispermaceae

292.                

Cebatha pendula (J.R.Forst. & G.Forst.) Kuntze

Unknown

Unknown

A199892-PUH

Th

Na

S

S

D

293.                

Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.) Hook.f. & Thomson

Purvutye

Heart-leaved moonseed

A199893-PUH

Np

Mes

S

C

Cu

Mimosaceae

294.                

Albizia lebbeck (Linn.) Benth.

Srin

Lebbeck T

A199896-PUH

Megp

L

Com

T

D

295.                

Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit

Spin srin

River tamarind

A199897-PUH

Megp

L

Com

T

M

296.                

Neltuma glandulosa (Torr.) Britton & Rose

Kikar

Screw-bean

A199898-PUH

Np

L

Com

S

D

297.                

Neltuma juliflora (Sw.) Raf.

Kikar

Aippia

A199899-PUH

Np

L

Com

S

D

298.                

Senegalia modesta (Wall.) P.J.H.Hurter

Palosa

Phulai

A199894-PUH

Megp

L

Com

T

D

299.                

Vachellia nilotica (Linn.) P.J.H.Hurter & Mabb.

Ter-Kikar

Thorn mimosa

A199895-PUH

Megp

L

Com

T

D

Moraceae

300.                

Broussonetia papyrifera (Linn.) L'Hér. ex Vent.

Gull-toot

Paper mulberry

A199900-PUH

Megp

Mes

S

T

Cu

301.                

Ficus benghalensis Linn.

Burh

Banyan

A199901-PUH

Megp

Mes

S

T

Cu

302.                

Ficus carica Linn.

Toghu

Fig

A199902-PUH

Megp

Mes

S

S

Cu

303.                

Ficus palmata Forssk.

Zangli toghu

Punjab fig

A199903-PUH

Megp

Mes

S

T

M

304.                

Ficus religiosa Linn.

Pipal

Peepul T

A199904-PUH

Megp

Mes

S

T

Cu

305.                

Morus alba Linn.

Spin –tot

White Mulberry

A199905-PUH

Megp

Mes

S

T

Cu

306.                

Morus macroura Miq.

Shahtut

Mulberry

A199906-PUH

Megp

Mes

S

T

Cu

307.                

Morus nigra Linn.

Ter-tot

Black Mulberry

A199907-PUH

Megp

Mes

S

T

Cu

Morinaceae

308.                

Morina persica Linn.

Aghzay-beta

Persisk Morina

A199908-PUH

Th

Na

Sp

H

D

Myrtaceae

309.                

Corymbia torelliana (F.Muell.) K.D.Hill & L.A.S.Johnson

Speen lochai

Cadaghi

A199909-PUH

Megp

Mic

S

T

I

310.                

Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh.

Speen Lochai

River red gum

A199910-PUH

Megp

Mic

S

T

F

311.                

Eucalyptus globulus Labill.

Ghat-lochai

Tasmanian bluegum

A199911-PUH

Megp

Mic

S

T

F

312.                

Melaleuca citrina (Curtis) Dum.Cours.

Botle-brush gull

Red Bottle Brush

A199912-PUH

Np

Mic

S

T

Cu

313.                

Psidium guajava Linn.

Amrod

Common  guava

A199913-PUH

Np

Mes

S

T

Cu

314.                

Syzygium cumini (Linn.Skeels.

Jamoon

Jambolan

A199914-PUH

Megp

Mes

S

T

Cu

Neuradaceae

315.                

Neurada procumbens Linn.

Aghuzikna-maraghunye

Sand button

A199915-PUH

Th

Mes

Dis

H

D

Nyctaginacea

316.                

Boerhavia procumbens Banks ex. Roxb.

Padrawash

Punarnava

A199916-PUH

Th

Na

S

H

D

317.                

Bougainvillea glabra Choisy

Aezi perwathiey

Paperflower

A199917-PUH

Np

Mic

S

C

Cu

318.                

Bougainvillea spectabilis Willd.

Perwathiey

Great  bougainvillea

A199918-PUH

Np

Mic

S

C

Cu

Oleaceae

319.                

Chrysojasminum humile (Linn.) Banfi

Ziarh Rambell

Yellow jasmine

A199919-PUH

Np

Mic

Com

S

D

320.                

Jasminum officinale Linn.

Spin rambell

Summer jasmine

A199920-PUH

Np

Mic

Com

S

M

321.                

Jasminum sambac (Linn.) Aiton

Rambell

Sambac jasmine

A199921-PUH

Np

Mes

S

S

D

Onagraceae

322.                

Ludwigia perennis Linn.

Unknown

Perennial Water Primrose

A199922-PUH

Th

Mic

S

H

D

323.                

Oenothera rosea L'Hér. ex Aiton

Surh gulai

Rose evening primrose

A199923-PUH

H

Mic

S

H

D

Orobanchaceae

324.                

Cistanche tubulosa (Schenk) Wight ex Hook.f.

Khar ghurh-beta

Desert Hyacinth

A199924-PUH

H

Ap

Abs

H

D

Oxalidaceae

325.                

Oxalis corniculata Linn.

Terwa-marhiyee

Creeping woodsorrel

A199925-PUH

Th

Na

Com

H

M

326.                

Oxalis pes-caprae Linn.

Terwa-marhiyee

Bermuda sorrel

A199926-PUH

Th

Na

Com

H

M

Papaveraceae

327.                

Argemone mexicana Linn.

Aghuzai

Mexican poppy

A199927-PUH

Th

Mes

Sp

H

D

328.                

Papaver somniferum Linn.

Afun-doda

Opium  poppy

A199928-PUH

Th

Mes

S

H

Cu

Phyllanthaceae

329.                

Bischofia javanica Blume

Unknown

Bishop wood

A199929-PUH

Megp

Mes

Com

T

I

Plantaginaceae

330.                

Phyla nodiflora (Linn.)
Greene

Unknown

Sawtooth  fogfruit

A199930-PUH

Th

Mic

S

H

M

331.                

Plantago amplexicaulis subsp. bauphula (Edgew.) Rech.f.

Unknown

Ispaghula

A199931-PUH

Th

Na

S

H

D

332.                

Plantago ciliata Desf.

Unknown

Ripsiratamo

A199932-PUH

Th

Na

S

H

D

333.                

Plantago lanceolata Linn.

Kura-kat

Ribwort plantain

A199933-PUH

Th

Na

S

H

M

334.                

Plantago major Linn.

Aba-beta

Broadleaf  plantain

A199934-PUH

Th

Mes

S

H

M

335.                

Plantago ovata Forssk.

Ispaghol

Desert Indianwheat

A199935-PUH

Th

Na

S

H

D

Polygalaceae

336.                

Polygala sibirica Linn.

Unknown

Ethiopian Milkwort

A199936-PUH

Ch

Na

S

H

D

Polygonaceae

337.                

Calligonum polygonoides Linn.

Unknown

Phog

A199937-PUH

Np

Ap

Abs

S

D

338.                

Oxyria digyna (Linn.) Hill

Kurma torvika

Alpine sorrel

A199939-PUH

Ch

L

S

H

M

339.                

Persicaria hydropiper (Linn.) Delarbre

Abay-beta

Denseflower knotweed

A199940-PUH

Ch

Mic

S

H

M

340.                

Polygonum afghanicum Meisn.

Unknown

Joint Weed

A199943-PUH

Ch

Mic

S

H

M

341.                

Polygonum aviculare Linn.

Kso –beta

Common knotgrass

A199941-PUH

Th

L

S

H

M

342.                

Polygonum biaristatum Aitch. & Hemsl.

Unknown

Knotweed

A199942-PUH

Ch

Na

S

H

M

343.                

Polygonum paronychioides C.A.Mey.

Unknown

Fuzzy Knotweed

A199944-PUH

Th

Na

S

H

M

344.                

Polygonum plebeium R.Br.

Unknown

Spotted ladysthumb

A199945-PUH

Th

Na

S

H

M

345.                

Rumex dentatus Linn.

Torvika

Toothed dock

A199946-PUH

Ch

Na

S

H

M

346.                

Rumex hastatus D. Don

Zangli torvika

Aegean dock

A199947-PUH

Ch

Mes

S

H

D

347.                

Rumex nepalensis Spreng.

Torvika

Nepal dock

A199948-PUH

Ch

Mes

S

H

M

348.                

Rumex spinosus Linn.

Sobehu

Doublegee

A199938-PUH

Th

Mic

S

H

M

349.                

Rumex vesicarius Linn.

Thuvika

Israel flower

A199949-PUH

Ch

Na

S

H

D

Portulacaceae

350.                

Portulaca oleracea Linn.

Woorkhorha

Hogweed

A199950-PUH

Th

Na

S

H

D

Primulaceae

351.                

Lysimachia arvensis (Linn.) U.Manns & Anderb.

Shafthawla shupzhoki

Scarlet pimpernel

A199951-PUH

Th

Na

S

H

M

Punicaceae

352.                

Punica granatum Linn.

Olung

Pome granate

A199952-PUH

Micp

Mic

S

S

Cu

Ranunculaceae

353.                

Ranunculus arvensis Linn.

Shafthala-wal-Ziarhi-gull

Corn  buttercup

A199953-PUH

G

Na

Dis

H

M

354.                

Ranunculus muricatus Linn.

Ziarhi-gull

Spinyfruit buttercup

A199954-PUH

G

Na

Dis

H

M

355.                

Ranunculus sceleratus Linn.

Abay-Ziarhi-gull

Cursed buttercup

A199955-PUH

G

Na

Dis

H

M

Resedaceae

356.                

Oligomeris linifolia (Vahl ex Hornem.) J.F.Macbr.

Kso-beta

Whitepuff.

A199956-PUH

Th

Na

S

H

D

357.                

Reseda luteola Linn.

Unknown

Dyer's weed

A199957-PUH

Th

Na

S

H

D

Rhamnaceae

358.                

Ziziphus mauritiana Lam.

Kurkurha-Bera

Jharber

A199959-PUH

Micp

Na

S

T

D

359.                

Ziziphus nummularia (Burm.f.) Wight & Arn.

Bera

Indian jujube

A199958-PUH

Micp

Na

S

T

D

Rosaceae

360.                

Eriobotrya japonica (Thunb.) Lindl.

Lokat

Loquat  fruit

A199960-PUH

Micp

Mes

S

T

Cu

361.                

Malus domestica (Suckow) Borkh.

Marha

Apple

A199961-PUH

Micp

Mes

S

T

Cu

362.                

Potentilla supina Linn.

Unknown

Potentilla

A199962-PUH

H

Na

Com

T

M

363.                

Prunus amygdalus Batsch.

Badom

Almond

A199964-PUH

Micp

Mes

S

T

Cu

364.                

Prunus armeniaca Linn.

Mandotha

Apricot

A199965-PUH

Micp

Mes

S

T

Cu

365.                

Prunus domestica Linn.

Alocha

European plum

A199963-PUH

Micp

Mes

S

T

Cu

366.                

Prunus persica (Linn.)Batsch

Shafthalu

Peach

A199966-PUH

Micp

Mic

S

T

Cu

367.                

Pyrus communis Linn.

Nashpathi

Pear

A199967-PUH

Micp

Mes

S

T

Cu

368.                

Rosa banksiae W. T. Aiton

Spanger

Japanese rose

A199970-PUH

Np

Na

Com

S

Cu

369.                

Rosa brunonii Lindl.

Spin- gulab

White rose

A199968-PUH

Np

Na

Com

S

M

370.                

Rosa ecae Aitch.

Gulab

Rose

A199969-PUH

Np

Na

Com

S

M

Rubiaceae

371.                

Galium aparine Linn.

Shahavina

Catchweed

A199971-PUH

Th

Na

S

H

M

372.                

Galium tricornutum Dandy

Shahavina

Corn cleavers.

A199972-PUH

Th

Na

S

H

D

Rutaceae

373.                

Skimmia laureola (DC.) Decne.

Nazar Panra

Skimmia

A199973-PUH

Np

Mic

S

T

Cu

Salicaceae

374.                

Populus nigra Linn.

Nashthar

Charab poplar

A199974-PUH

Mesp

Mes

S

T

Cu

375.                

Salix babylonica Linn.

Wala

Weeping willow

A199975-PUH

Mesp

Mes

S

T

M

376.                

Salix tetrasperma Roxb.

Wala

Indian willow

A199976-PUH

Mesp

Mic

S

T

M

Salvadoraceae

377.                

Salvadora oleoides Decne.

Palimo

Bada peelu

A199977-PUH

Mesp

Mic

S

T

Gy

Sapindaceae

378.                

Dodonaea viscosa Jacq.

Sanatha

Giant  hopbush

A199978-PUH

Np

Na

S

S

D

Sapotaceae

379.                

Sideroxylon mascatense (A.DC.) T.D.Penn.

Gurgura

Gargole

A199979-PUH

Micp

Mic

S

S

D

Scrophulariaceae

380.                

Bacopa monnieri (Linn.). Pennell.

Abay-beta

Waterhyssop

A199980-PUH

Hydro

L

S

H

W

381.                

Nanorrhinum ramosissimum (Wall.) Betsche

Kso-beta

Cancerworts

A199981-PUH

Th

Mes

S

H

D

382.                

Schweinfurthia papilionacea (Linn.) Boiss.

Kso-beta

Unknown

A199982-PUH

H

Na

S

H

D

383.                

Scrophularia striata Boiss.

Unknown

Figwort

A199983-PUH

Th

Na

S

H

D

384.                

Verbascum thapsus Linn.

Unknown

Common mullein

A199984-PUH

Th

Mes

S

H

D

385.                

Veronica anagallis-aquatica Linn.

Khwar

Water speedwell

A199985-PUH

Th

Na

S

H

W

386.                

Veronica arvensis Linn.

Kso-beta

Wall speedwell

A199986-PUH

Th

Na

S

H

D

387.                

Veronica biloba Schreb. ex Linn.

Shupozhoki

Twolobe speedwell

A199987-PUH

Th

Na

S

H

M

Simaroubaceae

388.                

Ailanthus altissima (Mill.) Swingle

Angrazi barana

T of heaven

A199988-PUH

Megp

Mic

Comp

T

I

Solanaceae

389.                

Capsicum frutescens Linn.

Marchakii

Tabasco pepper

A199989-PUH

Np

Mic

S

H

Cu

390.                

Cestrum nocturnum Linn.

Rat-k – rani

Night-blooming jasmine

A199990-PUH

Th

Mic

S

S

Cu

391.                

Datura innoxia Mill.

Barhbaka

Devil's trumpet

A199991-PUH

Th

Mes

S

H

D

392.                

Datura stramonium Linn.

Barhbaka

Jimsonweed

A199992-PUH

Th

Mes

Dis

H

D

393.                

Hyoscyamus insanus Stocks

Khurasani

Black henbane

A199993-PUH

Th

Mes

Dis

H

M

394.                

Solanum lycopersicum Linn.

Tamatar

Tomato

A199994-PUH

Th

Na

Dis

H

Cu

395.                

Lycium ruthenicum Murray

Unknown

Unknown

A199995-PUH

Np

Mic

S

S

D

396.                

Nicotiana plumbaginifolia Viv.

Lawanii tamakai

Tex-Mex tobacco

A199996-PUH

Th

Mac

S

H

M

397.                

Nicotiana tabacum Linn.

Tammakai

Tobacoo

A199997-PUH

Th

Mac

S

H

Cu

398.                

Physalis halicacabum Crantz

Kothilala

Cape gooseberry

A199998-PUH

Th

Mic

S

H

M

399.                

Solanum cordatum Forssk.

Unknown

Unknown

A199999-PUH

Th

Mic

S

H

D

400.                

Solanum elaeagnifolium Cav.

Kso beta

Silverleaf nightshade

A200000-PUH

Th

Mic

S

H

D

401.                

Solanum incanum Linn.

Unknown

Bitter tomato

A200001-PUH

Th

Mes

Sp

H

D

402.                

Solanum melongena Linn.

Bengarh

Egg plant

A200002-PUH

Th

Mes

S

H

Cu

403.                

Solanum nigrum Linn.

Kun-se-bai

Nightshade

A200004-PUH

Th

Mic

S

H

Gy

404.                

Solanum rostratum Dunal

Aghuzai

Buffalo bur

A200005-PUH

Th

Mes

Sp

H

D

405.                

Solanum virginianum Linn.

Wara-mara-ghinrhye

Yellow-fruit nightshade

A200006-PUH

Th

Mic

Sp

H

D

406.                

Solanum tuberosum Linn.

Alug

Potato

A200007-PUH

Th

Mes

S

H

Cu

407.                

Withania coagulans (Stocks) Dunal

Shapyanga

Ashwagandha

A200008-PUH

Ch

Mic

S

S

D

408.                

Withania somnifera (Linn.) Dunal

Kothilal

Rennet

A200009-PUH

Ch

Mac

S

S

D

Tamaricaceae

409.                

Tamarix aphylla (Linn.) H.Karst.

Ghat-Ghaz

Athel pine

A200010-PUH

Megp

L

S

T

Gy

410.                

Tamarix dioica Roxb. ex Roth

Warhika-ghaz

Khagal

A200011-PUH

Megp

L

S

T

D

Thymelaeaceae

411.                

Thymelaea passerina (Linn.) Coss. & Germ.

Unknown

Spurge flax.

A200012-PUH

Th

Na

S

H

Gy

Tiliaceae

412.                

Corchorus depressus (Linn.) Peterm.

Koso –beta

Mudhiri

A200013-PUH

Th

Mic

S

H

M

Urticaceae

413.                

Forsskaolea tenacissima Linn.

Zahrila-beta

Forskaolea

A200014-PUH

H

Na

Sp

H

D

414.                

Urtica pilulifera Linn.

Sezunkai

Common nettle

A200015-PUH

Th

Mic

Sp

H

M

Verbenaceae

415.                

Lantana camara Linn.

Unknown

Spanish flag

A200016-PUH

Np

Mes

Sp

S

D

416.                

Verbena officinalis Linn.

Kso-beta

Common verbena

A200017-PUH

Th

Mic

Dis

H

M

417.                

Vitex negundo Linn.

Marmandiye

Chinese chasteT

A200018-PUH

Np

Mic

Com

S

D

Violaceae

418.                

Viola canescens Wall.

Unknown

Himalayan White Violet

A200019-PUH

G

Mic

S

H

M

419.                

Viola stocksii Boiss.

Banafsa

Zinko Banapsha

A200020-PUH

Th

Na

S

H

D

Vitaceae

420.                

Vitis vinifera Linn.

Angoor

Grapes

A200021-PUH

Np

Mes

S

L*

Cu

Zygophyllaceae

421.                

Peganum harmala Linn.

Spelanii

Harmel

A200023-PUH

H

L

S

H

D

422.                

Tetradiclis tenella (Ehrenb.) Litv.

Unknown

Unknown

A200024-PUH

Th

L

S

H

D

423.                

Tribulus pentandrus Forssk.

Sehray azhzay

Unknown

A200025-PUH

Th

L

Com

H

D

424.                

Tribulus terrestris Linn.

Markundai

Puncture vine

A200026-PUH

Th

L

Com

H

D

425.                

Zygophyllum indicum (Burm.f.) Christenh. & Byng

Spalaghzai

Fagonbushes

A200022-PUH

Th

Na

Sp

H

D


Table 2. Showing the percentage of different groups.

S. No

Family

No. Species

Percentage

S. No

Family

Taxonomic group

No of species

%age

Taxonomic distribution

Number

%age

Dicotyledonous flora

342

80.47%

Dicotyledonous family

70

78.65%

Monocotyledonous flora

83

19.52%

Monocotyledonous family

19

21.35%

Total

425

100%

-

89

100%

 

Table 3. Family-wise distribution of flora occurring at the River Kurram.

S. No

Family

No. species

Percentage

S. No

Family

No. species

Percentage

1

Poaceae

42

9.88%

46

Onagraceae

2

0.47%

2

Asteraceae

37

8.70%

47

Oxalidaceae

2

0.47%

3

Fabaceae

32

7.52%

48

Papaveraceae

2

0.47%

4

Amaranthaceae

23

5.41%

49

Resedaceae

2

0.47%

5

Solanaceae

20

4.70%

50

Rhamnaceae

2

0.47%

6

Brassicaceae

15

3.52%

51

Rubiaceae

2

0.47%

7

Euphorbiaceae

13

3.05%

52

Tamaricaceae

2

0.47%

8

Polygonaceae

13

3.05%

53

Urticaceae

2

0.47%

9

Apiaceae

12

2.82%

54

Violaceae

2

0.47%

10

Cyperaceae

11

2.58%

55

Asparagaceae

1

0.23%

11

Rosaceae

11

2.58%

56

Asphodelaceae

1

0.23%

12

Lamiaceae

10

2.35%

57

Canaceae

1

0.23%

13

Apocyanaceae

8

1.88%

58

Cactaceae

1

0.23%

14

Boraginaceae

8

1.88%

59

Ceratophyllaceae

1

0.23%

15

Cucurbitaceae

8

1.88%

60

Lemnaceae

1

0.23%

16

Malvaceae

8

1.88%

61

Musaceae

1

0.23%

17

Moraceae

8

1.88%

62

Orchidaceae

1

0.23%

18

Scrophulariaceae

8

1.88%

63

Aizoaceae

1

0.23%

19

Mimosaceae

6

1.41%

64

Anacardiaceae

1

0.23%

20

Myrtaceae

6

1.41%

65

Bignoniaceae

1

0.23%

21

Plantaginaceae

6

1.41%

66

Canabaceae

1

0.23%

22

Zygophyllaceae

5

1.17%

67

Cuscutaceae

1

0.23%

23

Arecaceae

4

0.94%

68

Dipsacaceae

1

0.23%

24

Juncaceae

4

0.94%

69

Elaeagnaceae

1

0.23%

25

Caryophyllaceae

4

0.94%

70

Gentianaceae

1

0.23%

26

Convolvulaceae

4

0.94%

71

Linaceae

1

0.23%

27

Acanthaceae

3

0.70%

72

Lythraceae

1

0.23%

28

Capparidaceae

3

0.70%

73

Morinaceae

1

0.23%

29

Geraniaceae

3

0.70%

74

Neuradaceae

1

0.23%

30

Nyctaginacea

3

0.70%

75

Orobanchaceae

1

0.23%

31

Oleaceae

3

0.70%

76

Phyllanthaceae

1

0.23%

32

Ranunculaceae

3

0.70%

77

Polygalaceae

1

0.23%

33

Salicaceae

3

0.70%

78

Portulacaceae

1

0.23%

34

Verbenaceae

3

0.70%

79

Primulaceae

1

0.23%

35

Alismataceae

2

0.47%

80

Punicaceae

1

0.23%

36

Alliaceae

2

0.47%

81

Rutaceae

1

0.23%

37

Araceae

2

0.47%

82

Salvadoraceae

1

0.23%

38

Hydrocharitaceae

2

0.47%

83

Sapindaceae

1

0.23%

39

Iridaceae

2

0.47%

84

Sapotaceae

1

0.23%

40

Potamogetonaceae

2

0.47%

85

Simaroubaceae

1

0.23%

41

Typhaceae

2

0.47%

86

Thymelaeaceae

1

0.23%

42

Caesalpinioideae

2

0.47%

87

Tiliaceae

1

0.23%

43

Fumariaceae

2

0.47%

88

Vitaceae

1

0.23%

44

Meliaceae

2

0.47%

89

Zingiberaceae

1

0.23%

45

Menispermaceae

2

0.47%

 

 

 

 

 

 According to Dar et al., (2018), many factors like bridges, road and building construction, browsing, overgrazing, trampling, land sliding and soil erosion lead to ecological problems in the degradation of land as well as vegetation and also decrease agriculture productivity. Vegetation coverage plays a key role in the protection and recovery rate assessment of land sliding and soil erosion (Lin et al., 2006). Therefore our findings agree with Hussain et al., (2016) in assessing angiospermic diversity from Rawalakot district, Azad and Jammu Kashmir here which 381 species belong to 78 families whereas; Asteraceae is dominant with 38 species followed by Poaceae comprising with 37 species. Similarly, some semi-aquatic angiosperm was investigated from the marshland areas of the Dera-Ismail Khan district, here Cyperaceae 16 (40%) was the leading family followed by Poaceae 6 (15%) species (Marwat et al., 2013). An extensive field study was conducted on Astore Valley, Gilgit-Baltistan from which 558 species of angiosperm were investigated here Asteraceae comprising with 95 species, Brassicaceae 40 and Papilionaceae with 30 species these are the leading families among the investigated dicotyledonous families (Noor et al., 2020). Khatun et al., (2022) studied a total 194 species of angiosperm belong 72 families from Puthia Upazila, district Rajshahi, Balngladesh, here amaranthaceae, asteraceae and apocyanaceae were the dominant families. Haque et al., (2018) reported 549 angiosperms belong to 123 families of which 316 species of dicotyledonous followed by monocotyledonous flora comprising 132 species from Rajkandi Reserve Forest of Moulvibazar. Rahman and Jamila (2016) who investigated 151 angiospermic species from Jamtala village in Nawabganj district, Bangladesh, in which Amaranthaceae, Acanthaceae, Asteraceae were the leading families among the annotated checklist. Ara et al., (2021) who was document 210 angiosperm from Chaar Khidirpur, Rajshahi district, Bangladesh, it belonging to 177 genera and 71 families. Rahman (2021) assessed 223 angiosperms from Rajshahi metropolitan city, Bangladesh, here it belongs to 176 genera and 74 families, where Asteraceae in dicotyledonous was the dominant family with 27 species while Poaceae is leading with 9 taxa among monocotyledonous flora families. Islam et al., (2009) studied the qualitative assessment of angiospermic flora with leading dicotyledonous represented by 192 species while monocotyledonous flora with 51 species from Ramgarh Upazila of Khagrachhari and Police Academy of Bangladesh. Similar studies were conducted on the angiospermic configuration at the village Sabgram, Bogra District, Bangladesh in which dicotyledonous with 172 species were the leading class followed by monocotyledonous flora with 24 species (Rahman et al., 2014). Sarker & Rahman (2019) enlisted the angiosperm here the dicotyledonous is represented by 261 species but, monocotyledonous flora was recorded with 34 species from Gobindaganj Upazila of Gaibandhna district, Bangladesh. Our finding is strongly supported by Dar et al., (2018) here Poaceae comprising 11 species is the largest family in eroded and non-eroded areas of the Kashmir Himalayas.

 

Life form

Life form in the ecophysiognomy of flora and vegetation type is very important phytoecological characteristics depend upon the environmental conditions. It serves as an indicator of environmental conditions in which climatic and edaphic factors are used to determine the life form. However, it is influenced by many biotic and abiotic factors, such as overgrazing, browsing, deforestation, agriculture practices, floods and phytoclimatic changes etc. for this investigation using Raunkiaerean (1934), classification it was noted that Therophytes was the dominant class with 228 species (53.64%) followed by Hemocryptophytes with 44 species (10.35%), Nanophanerophytes with 39 species (9.17%), geophytes with 32 species (7.52%), Megaphenerophytes with 29 species (6.82%), Chamaephytes with 24 species (5.64%), Hydrophytes with 14 species (3.29%), Microphanerophytes with 11 species (2.58%) and Mesophenerophytes with 4 species (0.94%), (Figure 2). However, only two species namely Cuscuta reflexa and Cistanche tubulosa showed parasitic life form (Table 4).

 

Figure 2. Number of different life form groups.

  

Table 4. Showing percentage of the different life form groups.

Life form

Key for life form

No. of species

%age

Therophytes

Th

228

53.64%

Hemicryptophytes

H

44

10.35%

Nanophanerophytes

Np

39

9.17%

Geophytes

G

32

7.52%

Megaphanerophytes

MegP

29

6.82%

Chamaephytes

Ch

24

5.64%

Hydrophytes

Hydro

14

3.29%

Microphanerophytes

MicP

11

2.58%

Mesophenerophytes

MesP

4

0.94%

Total

-

425

100%

 

 Among the biological spectra life form is the important key in the exploring area and can be considered as phyto-symbol for climate. Chapman and Crow (1981) investigated the therophytes prevailing desert climate, geophytes indicated the Mediterranean climate, while Hemocryptophytes indicated the temperate zone. Therophytes were reported by Ali et al., (2016) as a dominant class of life forms of the floristic list of Chail Valley, Swat. In the floristic study of district Peshawar therophytes contributed 30 (37.5%) and microphanerophytes 16 (20%) species have relative abundance (Samad et al., 2018). Ali et al., (2019) therophytes with 110 (50.1%) species were noted as the dominant life form followed by microphanerophytes comprising 24 (10.58%) from district Nowshera. The vegetation analysis revealed that the therophytes represent 49.20% while chamaephytes comprising 29.00% of species are dominant classes among the life form from Hail region Saudi Arabia (El-Ghanim et al., 2010). Therophytes were the leading class among the life form in the floristic studies of Aghberg Rangelands, and Harboi rangelands, Kalat, Balochistan (Durrani & Hussain, 2005; Durrani et al., 2010). Life form modified by natural disasters as well as anthropogenic activities such as agriculture, overgrazing and browsing which display diverse picture of vegetation variation.

 

Leaf Size

The leaf size spectra of the study area revealed that here Nanophyll was the dominant class comprising 138 species (32.47%) followed by Microphyll with 119 species (28.00%), mesophylls with 99 species (23.29%), Leptophyll with 45 species (10.58%), macrophylls with 11 species (2.58%) and megaphylly with 4 species (0.94%). Some species (2.11%), were reported as aphyllous i.e., Leptadenia pyrotechnica, Periploca aphylla and Calligonum polygonoides etc. (Table 5 and Figure 3).

Figure 3.Number of different life size groups.

 

Table 5. Showing percentage of the different leaf size groups.

Leaf size

Key for leaf size

No. of species

%age

Nanophyll

Na

138

32.47%

Microphyll

Mic

119

28.00%

Mesophyll

Mes

99

23.29%

Leptophyll

L

45

10.58%

Macrophyll

Mac

11

2.58%

Aphyllous

Ap

9

2.11%

Megaphyll

Meg

4

0.94%

Total

-

425

100%

 

Although, leaf size has shown variation in the majority of annual plant species due to lose of seasonal buds while, perennial and evergreen have retained their leaf size status (Ali et al., 2018). Among the leaf size spectra nanophyll comprising (40.98%) species was the dominant class in the annotated list of Mastuj Valley, Chitral (Hussain et al., 2015). Nanophylls (36.14%), leptophylls (26.73%) and microphylls (26.24%) are the dominant leaf size classes in the vegetation of subtropical forest of district Kotli, Azad and Jammu Kashmir (Amjad et al., 2017). The dominant classes of leaf size were microphyll (146) species followed by Nanophyll (91) species from the Gokand Valley, district Buner (Muhammad et al., 2020). However, the leaf form of vegetation indicates the prevailing climatic and edaphic conditions of a particular area.

 

Leaf Lamina

Due to seasonal variation, the reported vegetation indicated that the 286 species (67.29%) possess the highest number of simple leaf lamina followed by compound leaves comprising with 72 species (16.94%), dissected leaves 33 species (7.76%) and 24 species (5.64%) with spiny leaf lamina, Whereas, 10 species (0.94%) were recorded which are aphyllous (Table 6 and Figure 4).

 

Figure 4. Number of different life lamina groups.

 

Table 6. Showing percentage of the different groups of leaf lamina.

Leaf lamina

Key for lamina class

No. of species

%age

Simple

S

286

67.29%

Compound

Com

72

16.94%

Dissected

Dis

33

7.76%

Spiny

Sp

24

5.64%

Aphyllous

Abs

10

0.94%

Total

-

425

100%

 Similar findings were recorded here, 191 (67.87%) species have simple lamina followed by compound leaves with 76 (16.41%) and four species (Rahman et al., 2021). Ali et al., (2016) reported the largest number of species 305 (65.87%) possessing simple lamina followed by compound leaf 76 (16.41%) species and incised leaf with 62 (13.39%) species and eight species are spiny leaf lamina and three species are aphyllous. Leaf lamina shape indicated that simple lamina has a high value of 155 (62%) and compound lamina comprising 63 (25.2%) were the leading classes in Jelar valley; district upper Dir (Ullah & Badshah, 2017). Similar findings were also reported by Samreen et al., (2018) from Darazinda Dera-ismail Khan and Haq et al., (2019) from Keran-a remote valley of North Western Himalaya.

 

Habit

Based on habit local flora included 317 herb species (75%), 50 tree species (12%), 42 shrub species (10%), 15 climber species (3%) and only one species (0.1%) of woody liana i.e., Vitis vinifera were reported from the study area (Table 7 and Figure 5).

 

Figure 5. Number of different plant habits groups.

 

Table 7. Showing percentage of the different type’s habits.

Plant habit

Key for habit class

No. of species

%age

Herb

H

317

74.58%

Tree

T

50

11.76%

Shrub

S

42

9.88%

Climber

C

15

3.52%

Liana

L

1

0.23%

Total

-

425

100%

 

Arefin et al., (2011) studied angiospermic diversity from Satchari National Park, Bangladesh including 86 species of herbs followed by 73 trees, 46 shrubs and 37 species of climbers were recorded. A similar study was also conducted in the Malghazar valley, Swat from which herbs 161 (52.27%) species were followed by tree line with 46 (14.98%) and 45 (14.61%) and only 10 climbers were found (Khan et al., 2022). Similar studies were carried out by Uddin and Hassan (2010) from Lawachara National Park, Rahman (2013) from Rajshahi City, Uddin et al., (2013) from Teknaf Wildlife Sanctuary, Keya and Rahman (2017) from Sabgram village of Bogra, Bangladesh.

 

Habitat

From the study highest number of species were recorded from dry slopes 177 species (41.64%), followed by moist places 127 species (29.88%), cultivated 42 species (9.88%), agriculture fields 31 species (7.29%) wet places 24 species (5.64%), graveyard 16 species (3.76%), introduced 5 species (1.17%), forest 2 species (0.47%) and only 1 species (0.23%) is epiphytes i.e., Cuscuta reflexa (Table 8 and Figure 6).

 

Figure 6. Number of different plant habitats types.

 

Table 8. Showing percentage of different habitat types.

Habitat types

Key for habitat class

No. of species

%age

Dry

D

177

41.64%

Moist

M

127

29.88%

Cultivated

Cu

42

9.88%

Agricultural field

Af

31

7.29%

Wet

W

24

5.64%

Graveyard

Gy

16

3.76%

Introduced

I

5

1.17%

Forest

F

2

0.47%

Epiphytes

Ep

1

0.23%

Total

-

425

100%

 

Although, the study area witness’s threats for many trees, herbs and shrubs due to the lose it habitats due to soil erosion as well as other natural disasters. Some species are reported invasive from the studied area such as Alternanthera philoxeroides, Broussonetia papyrifera, Parthenium hysterophorus, Solanum elaeagnifolium, Verbesina encelioides and Tagetes minuta. were considered as a threat to the agricultural fields. Rahman et al., (2013) studied habitats for 240 taxa of angiosperm from Sadar upazila, district Munshiganj Bangladesh. A similar study was also conducted by Hussain et al., (2020) who reported the majority of species from the wild habitats of plants from the annotated checklist of Koh-e-Safaid range district Kurram. Ullah and Badshah (2017) recorded the maximum species from the dry slopes of mountains in the Jelar Valley district of upper Dir. The results of the current finding agree with the results of Khan et al., (2013b) from the Western Himalayas, Badshah et al., (2016) from Parachinar, Kurram, and Haq et al., (2019) from the Northwestern Himalayas. Therefore, different habitats were degraded due to a huge loss of soil that reduced vegetation cover. Many plant species adapted deep root systems to resist or rather than stop soil erosion (Campo & Martí, 2000).

 

Plate 1. Field photographs of plant species in natural habitats: (1) Alternanthera philoxeroides, 2) Aerva javanica, 3) Alhagi maurorum, 4) Argemone mexicana, 5) Argyrolobium roseum, 6) Astragalus ophiocarpus, 7) Caragana brevispina var. brevispina, 8) Chrozophora plicata, 9) Cistanche tubulosa, 10) Cleome brachycarpa, 11) C. viscosa, 12) Convolvulus prostratus, 13) Corchorus depressus, 14) Croton bonplandianus, 15) Cucumis melo subsp. agrestis, 16) Cyperus pygmaeus, 17) Dactyloctenium aegyptium, 18) D. scindicum.

 

Plate 2. Field photographs of plant species in natural habitats: (19) Euphorbia falcata, (20) E. hirta, (21) E. indica, (22) Filago pyramidata, (23) Heliotropium curassavicum, (24) H. europaeum, (25) Hertia intermedia, (26) Hyoscyamus insanus, (27) Iphiona grantioides, (28) Launaea procumbens, (29) Lotus corniculatus, (30) Medicago sativa, (31) Mentha royleana, (32) Oenanthe javanica, (33) Physalis minima, (34) Plantago ovata, (35) P. ciliata, (36) Pluchea lanceolata.

 

Plate 3. Field photographs of plant species in natural habitats: (37) Polygala abyssinica, (38) Polygonum plebejum, (39) Potentilla supina (40) Cyperus difformis, (41) Reichardia tingitana, (42) Salvia aegyptiaca, (43) S. nubicola, (44) Schoenoplectus litoralis, (45) Scutellaria linearis, (46) Solanum rostratum, (47) Sonchus oleraceus, (48) Symphyotrichum subulatum, (49) Tagetes minuta, (50) Thymus linearis, (51) Viola stocksii, (52) Xanthium spinosum, (53) X. stramonium, (54) Zeuxine strataumatica.

 

Conclusion

The angiosperm list from the study area was assessed for the first time, highlighting the region's significance in terms of plant diversity and their phytoecological characteristics, as well as the prevailing climate, edaphic features, and the impact of natural disasters. The findings indicate that the investigated area is affected by various ecological challenges, including overgrazing, browsing, trampling, soil erosion, and landslides caused by overflooding during the monsoon season, which hinder plant regeneration. A feasible approach for vegetation recovery involves correlating physiognomic features with floristic composition under human influence. Consequently, there is an urgent need for the protection and conservation of the Billion Tree Tsunami plantation project, initiated by the government of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan, particularly in the most eroded and landslide-prone areas along the sides of the River Kurram. Moreover, the assessment of tree plantations in these areas is crucial for the recovery of the phyto-climate, land, and vegetation. The habitats are severely impacted by continuous landslides and soil erosion due to overflooding and other natural disasters. Therefore, this study provides essential baseline information for developing conservation strategies to protect threatened species from overgrazing, landslides, and soil erosion.

 

Acknowledgements

The authors are indebted to Prof. Dr. Siraj-ud-Din and Dr. Sayed Afzal Shah for the identification of plant species. We would like to thanks the Peshawar University Herbarium (PUH) for providing herbarium facilities and identification of plant specimens for this study.

 

Disclosure statement

The authors declare that they have no potential conflict of interest.

 

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