University of Isfahan Taxonomy and Biosystematics 3115-9001 15 55 2023 08 23 Investigation of Morphological Changes in Golden Mullet, Chelon auratus (Risso, 1810) from the Southern Caspian Sea Basin using the Geometric Morphometric Technique بررسی تغییرات ریختی ماهی کفال طلایی Chelon auratus (Risso, 1810) در بخش جنوبی حوضۀ دریای کاسپین با استفاده از روش ریخت‌سنجی هندسی 1 18 27024 10.22108/tbj.2022.134542.1209 EN Keivan Abbasi Assistant professor, Inland Waters Aquaculture Research Center. Iranian Fisheries Sciences Research Institute. Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization, Bandar Anzali, Iran. 0000-0001-5095-2905 Atta Mouludi-Saleh PhD student of Aquatic Ecology, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran Soheil Eagderi Associate professor of Fisheroies, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran Siamak Bagheri Associate professor, Inland Waters Aquaculture Research Center. Iranian Fisheries Sciences Research Institute. Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization, Bandar Anzali, Iran Alinaghi Sarpanah Assistant Professor, Iranian Fisheries Sciences Research Institute. Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization, Tehran, Iran Akbar Pourgholami-Moghaddam Structure, Inland Waters Aquaculture Research Center. Iranian Fisheries Sciences Research Institute. Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization, Bandar Anzali, Iran Journal Article 2022 08 09 During 2020-2021, to investigate the morphological variation of Chelon auratus, a total of 170 specimens were collected using beach seine nets from the shores of Astara (23 specimens), Anzali (33 specimens), Kiashahr (23 specimens), Langaroud (27 specimens), Roudsar (7 specimens), Chalous (30 specimens), Mahmoudabad (14 specimens), and Sari (13 specimens). At the sampling sites, after imaging from the left side of the specimens, 14 landmark points were defined and digitized on the two-dimensional images using the tpsDig2 software. The obtained data, after generalized Procrustes analysis, were analyzed using multivariate statistical analyses including principal component analysis (PCA), canonical variate analysis (CVA), and cluster analysis (CA). The deformation patterns of each population were illustrated in relation to consensus shapes on the deformation grids. The results showed significant differences in the body shape of the studied populations (P<0.05). These differences, related to head length, body depth, dorsal fin position, and caudal peduncle length, suggest the separation of populations in response to environmental conditions. Introduction Golden mullet, Chelon auratus, ranking second in abundance among bony fishes in the southern Caspian Sea basin after Rutilus frisii, constitutes about 20% of the total catch. The study of fish in aquatic ecosystems is crucial for understanding various aspects such as behavior, ecology, evolution, physiology, and stock assessment evaluation. Morphological studies are pivotal in numerous biological processes, including feeding, reproduction, and survival in aquatic ecosystems. They serve as a significant index for habitat selection and swimming behavior, reflecting both habitat conditions and the genetic characteristics of fish. Various methods, including genetics, osteology, growth, fecundity, traditional morphometrics, and geometric morphometrics, are employed to differentiate fish populations. This study, conducted during 2020-2021, investigated the morphological variation of this species by collecting specimens along the coasts of Guilan and Mazandaran provinces, from Astara to Sari. Materials and Methods For this study, 170 specimens of Chelon auratus were collected from the shores of Astara (23 specimens), Anzali (33 specimens), Kiashahr (23 specimens), Langaroud (27 specimens), Roudsar (7 specimens), Chalous (30 specimens), Mahmoudabad (14 specimens), and Sari (13 specimens) using beach seine nets. At the sampling sites, images were taken from the left side of the specimens. Subsequently, in the tpsDig2 software, 14 landmark points were defined and digitized on the two-dimensional images. After conducting generalized Procrustes analysis on the data, multivariate statistical analyses were performed, including principal component analysis (PCA), canonical variate analysis (CVA), and non-parametric multivariate analysis of variance (NPMANOVA) based on P-values obtained from a permutation test (with 10,000 repetitions), as well as cluster analysis (CA). The deformation patterns of each population were visualized relative to the consensus shape in the deformation grids. Findings The results of the principal component analysis (PCA) revealed six components as the main factors contributing to variations among the studied populations. The PCA indicated some overlap between the populations, but the Anzali, Roudsar, and Kiashahr populations were significantly distinct from the Sari and Mahmoudabad populations. The greatest Mahalanobis and Procrustes distances were observed between the Kiashahr and Sari populations. Non-parametric multivariate analysis of variance (NPMANOVA) demonstrated significant differences between the populations, except for Sari-Mahmoudabad and Chalous-Mahmoudabad comparisons. According to the cluster analysis, Chalous, Langaroud, and Sari populations were grouped into one cluster and differentiated from the others. The deformation grids of the body shape of each population revealed significant differences in body shape among the studied populations. The Chalous population exhibited the greatest body depth, whereas the Langaroud population had the least. An upward position of the snout was noted in the Anzali, Kiashahr, Langaroud, Mahmoudabad, and Roudsar populations. Additionally, the Langaroud and Kiashahr populations had shorter caudal peduncles. The Astara population was characterized by a longer snout. The deepest head depth was found in the Astara and Chalous populations, with the Chalous population also displaying a more anterior position of the dorsal and anal fins. Conclusion The results of this study revealed significant morphological differences among the populations of Chelon auratus (P<0.05). The main distinctions were observed in the size of the head, depth of the body, and the positioning of the dorsal fin and caudal peduncle. These differences likely reflect the adaptation of the populations to varying environmental conditions. Considering that both biotic and abiotic factors across different regions of the Caspian Sea basin in Iran vary from slight to moderate, and given that C. auratus is a marine species that migrates north-south and to a lesser extent east-west throughout the year, a lack of complete morphological differentiation between populations from different regions is understandable.

https://tbj.ui.ac.ir/article_27024_628c56d65caba1fe2a2bb66d8b52caec.pdf

University of Isfahan Taxonomy and Biosystematics 3115-9001 15 55 2023 08 23 Investigating the Phenotypic Diversity of Vetch (Vicia L.) Genotypes from Different Species Under the Rain-fed Conditions of Maragheh City بررسی تنوع فنوتیپی ژنوتیپ‌‌های ماشک (Vicia L.) از گونه‌‌های مختلف تحت شرایط دیم در شهرستان مراغه 19 34 27554 10.22108/tbj.2023.137151.1227 EN Hossein Abdi Ph.D. Student, Department of Plant Production and Genetics, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran Mojhgan Tabrizivand Taheri Assistant Professor, Dryland Agricultural Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Maragheh, Iran Khoshnood Alizadeh Professor, Dryland Agricultural Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Maragheh, Iran Sadegh Shahbazi Dourbash Researcher, Dryland Agricultural Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Maragheh, Iran Journal Article 2023 03 20 Vicia L. is a significant fodder plant, widely affected by drought conditions. This study aimed to identify the phenotypic diversity and select superior vetch genotypes. To this end, 120 vetch genotypes from five species: Vicia ervilia L., Vicia sativa L., Vicia narbonensis L., Vicia dasycarpa L., and Vicia pannonica L. were evaluated under the rain-fed conditions of Maragheh city. Data analysis revealed considerable variation among vetch species genotypes in all studied traits. Grain yield showed a positive and significant correlation with biological yield and the number of days to maturity. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) biplot demonstrated clear separation among vetch species. Furthermore, cluster analysis results classified the studied vetch genotypes into two main groups and four subgroups, with genotypes in the third and fourth subgroups exhibiting the highest values for most traits. Genotypes G1, G3, G4, G6, G7, G8, and G12, all belonging to the V. ervilia species, were consistently selected based on the MGIDI and Smith indices. The findings of this study provide valuable insights for the collection, preservation, and utilization of vetch germplasm resources. Introduction Vicia L., belonging to the Fabaceae family, is a special type of fodder plant well-suited for cold and dry regions (Ma et al., 2022). In terms of some quality characteristics, vetch is comparable to alfalfa (Hasanvand et al., 2010). For decades, evaluating the diversity of agronomical and morphological traits has been a fundamental step in studying plant germplasm. These traits are crucial for evolutionary and taxonomic studies. To date, the taxonomy and biosystematics of the genus Vicia have been explored in several studies (Hanelt & Mettin, 1989; Maxted, 1993; Jalilian et al., 2014). Although drought stress can reduce the grain and fodder yield of vetch, some species exhibit high tolerance to this stress (Alizadeh, 2019). Significant phenotypic variation among vetch genotypes under drought stress conditions has been reported (Mirfakhraee et al., 2010; Abbasi et al., 2014). Considering the importance of fodder production in Iran, this study was undertaken to determine the phenotypic diversity and select superior vetch genotypes from five species (Vicia ervilia, Vicia sativa, Vicia narbonencis, Vicia dassycarpa, and Vicia panonica) under the rain-fed conditions of Maragheh city. Materials and Methods In this study, 120 vetch genotypes from the ICARDA international germplasm collection were cultivated in 1m² plots using an augmented design under rain-fed conditions in the spring. Due to germination issues and insufficient growth, data from only 60 genotypes were viable for analysis. These genotypes were evaluated at the Dryland Agricultural Research Institute (DARI) in Maragheh city, located at a latitude of 37°16′12″ E, a longitude of 46°27′36″ N, and an altitude of 1720 meters. The total rainfall during the experimental months amounted to 58 mm. The traits assessed included plant height (PH), number of days to maturity (DM), hundred kernel weight (HKW), biological yield (BY), and grain yield (GY). A variety of statistical analyses, such as analysis of variance (ANOVA), principal component analysis (PCA), and cluster analysis using Ward's method, were conducted to explore the phenotypic variation among genotypes. Pearson's correlation coefficient was applied to assess relationships between traits. Additionally, the Smith Index (Smith, 1936) and the multi-trait genotype-ideotype distance index (MGIDI) were utilized for the selection of superior genotypes (Olivoto & Nardino, 2021). All statistical analyses were executed using SAS 9.4 and R 4.2.2 software. Research Findings The analysis of variance (ANOVA) results revealed significant differences between the vetch species for all studied traits at the 0.1% probability level. Vicia panonica exhibited the highest plant height (PH) at 42.19 cm, while Vicia sativa required the longest duration to reach maturity. Biological yield (BY) was significantly higher in Vicia sativa (1605.5 kg/ha) and Vicia panonica (1331.1 kg/ha) compared to other species. Although Vicia narbonencis recorded the highest hundred kernel weight (HKW) at 16.37 g, the greatest grain yield (GY) of 502 kg/ha was observed in Vicia sativa. Correlation analysis between traits indicated a positive and significant correlation of GY with BY (r=0.81**) and days to maturity (DM) (r=0.80**). A similar positive correlation was noted between BY and DM (r=0.57**) as well as PH (r=0.54**). The only negative relationship was observed between PH and HKW traits (r=-0.45**). The first two components of the principal component analysis (PCA) explained nearly 80% of the total variation. The PCA biplot showed that genotypes of each species were similarly distributed based on the first two principal components. Cluster analysis dendrogram divided vetch genotypes into two main groups and four subgroups. According to the multi-trait genotype-ideotype distance index (MGIDI) selection index, genotypes G6, G5, G4, G10, G9, G12, G7, G1, G8, G92, G3, and G23 were identified as the preferred genotypes. Genotypes G1, G3, G4, G6, G7, G8, G12, G77, G100, G101, G110, and G119 were selected based on the Smith Index (SH). A comparison of these two indices revealed that seven genotypes were consistently chosen, all of which belonged to the Vicia ervilia species. This selection underscores the potential of V. ervilia for specific agronomic traits, thereby contributing valuable insights for future breeding and conservation efforts. Discussion of Results and Conclusion The considerable diversity observed among vetch species in terms of yield and main agronomic traits aligns with previous reports (Mirfakhraee et al., 2010; Abbasi et al., 2014; Javanmard et al., 2019), highlighting the varied responses of these species to drought stress. Each species may employ different mechanisms to tolerate drought, contributing to this observed diversity. The traits evaluated in this study effectively distinguished between vetch species, particularly Vicia ervilia, which exhibited more distinct distribution than other species. Although cluster analysis did not group all genotypes of each species into the same subgroup, the first main group primarily comprised Vicia narbonensis and Vicia sativa, while the second main group predominantly included Vicia panonica, Vicia dassycarpa, and Vicia ervilia. The genotypes in the third subgroup are recommended for further development and introduction of vetch cultivars. Javadi et al. (2022) similarly classified 58 vetch genotypes into five groups, with some clusters encompassing genotypes from different species. While yield is a crucial trait, selecting genotypes based on multiple traits is essential in plant breeding ((Yan & Frégeau-Reid, 2018). The common genotypes selected using the Smith Index (SH) and the Multi-Trait Genotype-Ideotype Distance Index (MGIDI) were predominantly from the V. ervilia species, with limited selections from other species by one of the indices. This variation in results is attributed to the differences in the calculation methods of the indices and the definition of the ideal genotype. The diversity revealed in this study offers valuable insights for vetch taxonomy and biosystematics programs. Future studies should investigate the molecular aspects of this diversity to further understand the genetic basis of these phenotypic variations.

https://tbj.ui.ac.ir/article_27554_6993e3847851ee2aab2f68aff36ff64b.pdf

University of Isfahan Taxonomy and Biosystematics 3115-9001 15 55 2023 08 23 Study of the Natural Flora of Hezar-Jarib Protected Area (Located in Mazandaran & Semnan Provinces, Iran) بررسی فلور منطقۀ حفاظت شدۀ هزار جریب (واقع در استان‌های مازندران و سمنان)1 35 52 28092 10.22108/tbj.2023.138363.1238 EN Masoud Azadbakht Assistant Professor, Department of Plant Sciences, Sana Institute of Higher Education, Sari, Iran Farrokh Ghahremaninejad Professor, Department of Plant Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran Journal Article 2023 09 03 Hezar-Jarib Protected Area is situated in the heights of the Alborz Mountains, representing a region of significant botanical richness and serving as a transitional zone between the Hyrcanian and Iran-Turanian (IT) vegetation areas. This area is a component of the Paband National Park, spanning across Mazandaran and Semnan provinces. Plant specimens were gathered during the periods of 2009-2010 and 2021-2022 across various growing seasons and were identified by using traditional methods of plant taxonomy with reference to botanical literature. This study documented 369 taxa of 323 species, encompassing 61 families and 226 genera. Dicotyledons constituted the largest group with 309 taxa (82.6%) followed by monocotyledons with 50 taxa (13.3%). The most abundant families were Asteraceae (51 species), Lamiaceae (33 species), Poaceae (28 species), Rosaceae (25 species), and Brassicaceae (24 species), which exhibited extensive distribution within the region. Among the collected samples, 39 species were found to be endemic to Iran with 24 species classified as having a low risk of extinction, 3 species as vulnerable, and 23 species as single-species genera. The study's analysis of life forms revealed the prevalence of hemi-cryptophytes (37.1%) due to the mountainous terrain followed by trophites (31.2%). Furthermore, in terms of chorology, 230 species (62.5%) were identified as belonging to the Iran-Turanian (IT) region, the Europe-Siberian (ES) region, or both. Introduction The rich diversity of flora and vegetation in Iran can be attributed to its extensive history of vegetation and its inherent evolutionary potential. The significant variations in altitude, humidity, temperature, as well as fluctuations in rainfall and soil conditions across the country have contributed to the creation of a remarkable array of diversity and richness in its plant life. Situated in the heights of the Alborz Mountains, Hezar-Jarib Protected Area is recognized as a region abundant in vegetation and serves as a transitional zone between the Hyrcanian and Iran-Turanian (IT) vegetation areas. This area is encompassed within the Paband National Park, spanning across the provinces of Mazandaran and Semnan. Materials & Methods To conduct a floristic study of Hezar-Jarib Protected Area, initial preparations involved obtaining maps of the area from the Natural Resources Organization of Neka City, Mazandaran Province. These maps, along with available software, were utilized to analyze the topography and geography of the region, delineate its boundaries, and subsequently conduct a comprehensive on-site survey. Plant specimens were systematically collected during the periods of 2009-2010 and 2021-2022, spanning various growing seasons, and were identified using established methods of plant taxonomy and reputable scientific sources. The sampling process spanned 57 days within the study area, during which comprehensive photographic documentation of all specimens in their natural habitat was undertaken. Subsequently, the collected samples were transported to the herbarium botanical laboratory of Kharazmi University (T) for drying. Following preparation and cleaning, each sample was affixed to specialized cardboard mounts. The specimens gathered during this study are currently housed in the herbarium of Kharazmi University. Research Findings The findings from Hezar-Jarib Protected Area revealed notable variations in vegetation, encompassing herbal structure and floristic composition, across a moisture gradient. This transition ranged from forested terrain in the north to shrubland and bushland in the central regions, culminating in a desert landscape in the southern slope. Plant geography analysis confirmed this transition, delineating the shift from the Europe-Siberian (ES) region in the northern slope to the Iran-Turanian (IT) region in the southern slope with the intermediate zones exhibiting an ecotone rich in species from both vegetation areas. This study documented 369 taxa of 323 species, representing 61 families and 226 genera. Dicotyledons emerged as the predominant group, comprising 309 taxa (82.6%) followed by monocotyledons with 50 taxa (13.3%). The most abundant families included Asteraceae (51 species), Lamiaceae (33 species), Poaceae (28 species), Rosaceae (25 species), and Brassicaceae (24 species). These families not only exhibited high taxonomic diversity, but also demonstrated extensive distribution within the studied area. Discussion of Results & Conclusion The analysis of life forms revealed the prevalence of hemi-cryptophytes (37.1%) in the region attributed to its mountainous terrain followed by trophites (31.2%). The northern slopes exhibited a decrease in comphytes and an emergence of phanrophytes, indicating the relatively humid climate of this area. The substantial presence of cryptophyte plants, particularly of the geophyte type, suggested deep soil and relatively low soil erosion within the region. In terms of chorology, 6.2% of the species in the region exhibited a global distribution (SOSM), while 11% of the species had a wide distribution (PL). Notably, plant species from the Iran-Turanian (IT) and European-Siberian (ES) regions demonstrated extensive distribution within the studied area. Specifically, 230 species, constituting 62.5% of the total, belonged to either the IT region, the ES region, or both.

https://tbj.ui.ac.ir/article_28092_e576d0aece52dea6c925099ee191be66.pdf

University of Isfahan Taxonomy and Biosystematics 3115-9001 15 55 2023 08 23 Recent Discoveries about Erysiphaceae (Ascomycota: Helotiales) in Kohgiluyeh and Boyer Ahmad Province, Iran اطلاعات جدید از قارچ‌های تیره Erysiphaceae (Ascomycota: Helotiales) از استان کهگیلویه و بویراحمد، ایران 53 78 28053 10.22108/tbj.2023.139048.1239 EN Pardissadat Mousavinezhad M.Sc. in Plant Pathology, Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zabol, Zabol, Iran Mahdi Pirnia Associate Professor of Plant Pathology, Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zabol, Zabol, Iran Mojtaba Keykhasaber Assistant Professor of Plant Pathology, Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zabol, Zabol, Iran Shirahmad Sarani Assistant Professor of Plant Pathology, Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zabol, Zabol, Iran Mahdi Dehghani Kazemi Assistant Professor, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Zabol, Zabol, Iran Seyed Yousef Behrooz Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zabol, Zabol, Iran Journal Article 2023 09 08 This study involved the collection of samples exhibiting powdery mildew symptoms from various locations in Kohgiluyeh and Boyer Ahmad Province. These samples were then meticulously examined to identify specific characteristics related to various structures, such as Casmothecium (including diameter, shape, and dimensions of appendages), sscus (shape, dimensions), ascospore (number per ascus, shape, dimensions), foot-cells of conidiophore (shape, dimensions), and conidium (solitary or catenate formation, shape, dimensions). This examination was conducted using multiple microscopic slides and detailed drawings of the structures were prepared using an Olympus CH30 microscope equipped with a drawing tube. The study revealed that Helichrysum oligocephalum represents a new host at the genus and species level for the genus Golovinomyces in Iran. Additionally, it was noted that there were no previous reports of powdery mildew on Vicia narbonensis in Iran. Furthermore, while some species had been previously documented in Iran, new host plants were identified for them. For instance, Bromus hordeaceus was identified as a new host for the Blumeria graminis species complex and Carduus pycnocephalus, Cirsium syriacus, and Jurinea carduiformis were found to be new hosts for Golovinomyces montagnei. Additionally, Erodium glauchophyllum and E. moschatum were identified as new hosts for Podosphaera erodii and Geranium pyrenaicum was found to be a new host for Podosphaera fugax. These findings introduced as new hosts of powdery mildew fungi in Iran. Introduction The agents responsible for powdery mildew are significant pathogens and obligatory plant parasites with a broad host range. Identification of these agents is based on the morphological characteristics of both the asexual stage (anamorph) and the sexual stage (teleomorph). Kohgiluyeh and Boyer Ahmad Province is renowned for its rich vegetation diversity, which enhances the likelihood of discovering new taxa of powdery mildews and their associated host plants. Consequently, this research focused on examining plant samples from various locations within the province. Numerous studies by Iranian researchers on powdery mildews have been documented in various articles, including the works of Pirnia (2014), Sharifi et al. (2014), Mirhosseini et al. (2015), Darvishnia and Vafaei (2018), Abbasi et al. (2019), Golmohammadi et al. (2019), Pirnia and Taheri (2020), and Darsaraei et al. (2022). These findings have been summarized in two lists by Khodaparast and Abbasi (2009) and Ershad (2022). The first comprehensive monograph of powdery mildews authored by Braun in 1987 presented the names of 18 genera and 435 species. Subsequently, in 2012, after reviewing numerous samples and molecular data, Braun and Cook accepted 16 genera and over 800 species as valid names for powdery mildews. Furthermore, researchers from other countries have introduced new taxa and hosts through their studies. Notable among these are the works of Braun and Mohan (2013), Thite and Kore (2014), Tam et al. (2015), and Wang et al. (2019). Materials & Methods Sample Collection Plant samples exhibiting powdery mildew symptoms were gathered from various regions in Kohgiluyeh and Boyer Ahmad Province. Upon arrival at the laboratory, these samples underwent identification and confirmation by a botanist. Examination of Macro-Morphological Characteristics Samples displaying powdery mildew symptoms were scrutinized using a Nikon stereomicroscope. Location of fungal structures on the upper or lower surface of the leaves, density of mycelium, and the presence or absence of cosmothecium were meticulously documented. Preparation of Microscopic Slides, Identifying Micro-Morphological Characteristics, and Drawing of Structures Microscopic slides were meticulously prepared from different structures in 25% lactic acid. The characteristics of these structures, including cosmothecium (diameter, type, and size of appendages around it), ascus (dimensions, presence or absence of a base), ascospore (dimensions, shape, number per ascus), basal cell of conidiophore (dimensions, shape), and conidium (size, shape, solitary or in chain), were examined using an Olympus CH30 optical microscope. The dimensions of these structures were measured using a calibrated micrometer installed on the microscope. Finally, the structures were accurately drawn using a drawing tube attached to the microscope. Research Findings Introduction of identified taxa Blumeria graminis species complex Fig 1. Blumeria graminis species complex (a) Casmothecium (Scale: 50 µm), (b) Ascus and Ascospore, (c) Conidiophore, and (d) Conidium Erysiphe cruciferarum Fig 2. Erysiphe cruciferarum (a) Conidiophore and (b) Conidium Erysiphe heraclei Fig 3. Erysiphe heraclei (a) Casmothecium, (b) Ascus and Ascospore, (c) Conidiophore, and (d) Conidium Erysiphe sp. Fig 4. Erysiphe sp. species complex (a) Conidiophore and (b) Conidium Golovinomyces aff. asterum Fig 5. Golovinomyces aff. asterum (a) Conidiophore and (b) Conidium Golovinomyces biocellatus species complex Fig 6. Golovinomyces biocellatus species complex (a) Casmothecium, (b) Ascus and Ascospore, (c) Conidiophore, and (d) Conidium Golovinomyces aff. bolayi Fig 7. Golovinomyces aff. bolayi (a) Casmothecium, (b) Ascus and Ascospore, (c) Conidiophore, and (d) Conidium Golovinomyces montagnei Fig 8. Golovinomyces montagnei (a) Casmothecium, (b) Ascus and Ascospore, (c) Conidiophore, and (d) Conidium Golovinomyces sp. Fig 9. Golovinomyces sp. (a) Casmothecium, (b) Ascus and Ascospore, (c) Conidiophore, and (d) Conidium Neoerysiphe galii Fig 10. Neoerysiphe galii (a) Casmothecium, (b) Ascus and Ascospore, (c) Conidiophore, and (d) Conidium Neoerysiphe nevoi Fig 11. Neoerysiphe nevoi (a) Casmothecium, (b) Ascus and Ascospore, (c) Conidiophore, and (d) Conidium Podosphaera dipsacacearum Fig 12. Podosphaera dipsacacearum (a) Casmothecium, (b) Conidiophore, and (c) Conidium Podosphaera erigerontis-canadensis Fig 13. Podosphaera erigerontis-canadensis (a) Casmothecium, (b) Ascus and Ascospore, (c) Conidiophore, and (d) Conidium Podosphaera erodii Fig 14. Podosphaera erodii (a) Casmothecium, (b) Ascus and Ascospore, (c) Conidiophore, and (d) Conidium Podosphaera fugax Fig 15. Podosphaera fugax (a) Casmothecium, (b) Ascus and Ascospore, (c) Conidiophore, and (d) Conidium Discussion of Results & Conclusion The discovery of Bromus hordeaceus L. as a new host for Blumeria graminis in Iran is noteworthy. Additionally, the absence of reports of powdery mildew on Vicia narbonensis L. in Iran has led to the introduction of Erysiphe sp. as the causal agent due to insufficient information. Symphyotrichum subulatus Michx., a member of the tribe Astereae (Asteraceae), has been associated with Golovinomyces asterum as the causal agent of powdery mildew as indicated by Takamatsu et al. (2013). Furthermore, Golovinomyces bolayi has been previously reported in Iran on Lactuca tuberosum Jacq. (Pirnia and Taheri 2020). Its host range within the Asteraceae is limited to members of the tribe Cichorieae (Braun et al., 2019). The plant genera Carduus L., Cirsium Mill., and Jurinea Cass., which belong to the tribe Cardueae (Asteraceae), have been identified as new hosts for G. montagnei in Iran. Similarly, Helichrysum oligocephalum DC., a member of the tribe Gnaphalieae (Asteraceae), was examined in this research. Although the exact taxonomic position of the powdery mildew agent on Gnaphalieae is unknown, the sample was categorized under the name of Golovinomyces sp. Furthermore, Neoerysiphe galli and Neoerysiphe nevoi were new records for mycobiota in Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province. Additionally, Erodium glaucophyllum (L.) L Her. and Erodium moschatum (L.) L Her. were identified as new hosts for Podosphaera erodii, while Geranium pyrenaicum Burm.f. was also considered a new host for Podosphaera fugax in Iran.

https://tbj.ui.ac.ir/article_28053_2e7cd3048f0b4c717f439495b45047b0.pdf

University of Isfahan Taxonomy and Biosystematics 3115-9001 15 55 2023 08 23 Chromosome Count and Karyotype Analysis of Six Brassicaceae Species in Iran بررسی عدد کروموزومی و تحلیل کاریوتایپی شش گونه‌ از خانواده Brassicaceae (شب بو) در ایران 79 88 28183 10.22108/tbj.2024.139872.1247 EN Azadeh Akhavan Roofigar Assistant Professor, Research Division of Natural Resources, Isfahan Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, AREEO, Isfahan, Iran 0000-0009-0009-0009 Fereshteh Asadi-Corom PhD, Department of Biotechnology, Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization, AREEO, Tehran, Iran Adel Jalili Professor, Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization, AREEO, Tehran, Iran 0000-0001-6494-181X Journal Article 2023 11 22 In the present study, chromosomal data are presented for six species representing five genera within the Brassicaceae family including Odontarrhena lanigera (DC.) Španiel, Al-Shehbaz, D.A. German & Marhold (=Alyssum lanigerum DC.) 2n=16, Aubrieta parviflora Boiss. 2n=16, Matthiola flavida Boiss. 2n=12, (=Matthiola ovatifolia Bél.) M. tomentosa (Boiss.) Boiss. 2n=12, Sisymbrium erysimoides Des. 2n=14 and Sterigmostemum longistylum (Boiss.) Kuntze 2n=14. Two of the studied species (Matthiola flavida and Sterigmostemum longistylum) are reported for the first time, while the chromosomal data for the remaining species are consistent with previous findings. These species exhibit a basic chromosome number of x=6, 7, or 8. Karyotypic analyses were also conducted in the existing samples and idiogram was drawn for them. The shortest chromosomes belong to Odontarrhena lanigera (2n=16) and the longest chromosomes were observed in Matthiola flavida (2n=12) species. Key words: Cruciferae, Chromosome number, Karyotype, Ideograms, Iran. Introduction Brassicaceae is a diverse group of flowering plants recognized for their economic, ecological, and evolutionary importance. This family encompasses a wide array of species, each exhibiting varied chromosome numbers and karyotypic characteristics. Understanding the chromosomal counts and karyotypic features of different Brassicaceae taxa is important for clarifying their genetic diversity, evolution, and potential applications in agriculture and conservation. Iran, with its varied ecological conditions, hosts an impressive diversity of Brassicaceae species. Within Iran, this family comprises approximately 100 genera and over 359 species, with a remarkable 53 species endemic to the country. This taxonomic diversity and endemism underscore the region's significance in terms of plant biodiversity within the Brassicaceae family. The present research aims to conduct a comprehensive study of six Brassicaceae species in Iran, focusing on their chromosomal counts and karyotypic features. The goal of this study is to achieve chromosomal counting for several Brassicaceae species in Iran, identify two previously unreported species, and produce ideograms to demonstrate their karyotypes. Materials and Methods In this study, karyotype analysis was conducted on mitotic metaphase chromosomes using the squash technique. To prepare the chromosomes for analysis, root tips were treated with a 0.01% aqueous colchicine solution for 2 hours at room temperature, followed by 14 hours at 4 °C. Subsequently, the root tips were fixed using Carnoy's solution, a mixture of glacial acetic acid and ethanol, and then preserved in 70% ethanol. For enhanced chromosome visualization, the materials underwent hydrolysis in 1 N HCl for 10 minutes at 60 °C, followed by staining in 2% aceto-orcein for 3 hours. After staining, the roots were gently squashed in 45% acetic acid, and the best metaphase plates were selected for imaging. For karyotype analysis, the chromosomes were sorted by length, and chromosome pairs were arranged following the Levan classification. Ideograms were constructed for all species, and karyotype asymmetry parameters, including TF%, AR, As K%, and Syi, were comprehensively assessed. Research Findings For the first time, we report the chromosome numbers for two species, namely Matthiola flavida and Sterigmostemum longistylum. Chromosome numbers for the other four species (Odontarrhena lanigera = Alyssum lanigerum, Aubrieta parviflora, Matthiola tomentosa = M. ovatifolia, and Sisymbrium erysimoides) have been previously documented. A karyological analysis of Odontarrhena lanigera (DC.) Španiel, Al-Shehbaz, D.A.German & Marhold (= Alyssum lanigerum DC.) revealed a diploid chromosome number of 2n=2x=16, with seven metacentric and one submetacentric chromosome. Compared to other studied species, this species' chromosomes were the shortest in length. Additionally, it exhibited the highest TF% (0.44) and Syi% value (0.77), while having the lowest S% (44%) and Ask% value (0.55) among all the investigated species. The results of this study confirmed a diploid chromosome number of 2n=2x=16 for Aubrieta parviflora Boiss., consistent with earlier reports on the somatic chromosome number. The karyotype of this species consisted of six metacentric and two submetacentric chromosomes. Discussion of Results and Conclusions In Matthiola flavida Boiss., our analysis indicated a chromosome count of 2n=2x=12 and a karyotypic formula of 4m+1sm+1st. This is the first reported chromosome count for M. flavida, providing valuable insights into the cytology of this species. Matthiola tomentosa Bél. (=Matthiola ovatifolia (Boiss.) Boiss.) is diploid with a chromosome count of 2n=2x=12. The karyotype consists of metacentric and subtelocentric chromosomes, with a formula of 4m+2st. This finding aligns with previous reports. Notably, it exhibited the lowest TF% (0.34) and Syi% value (0.51), while having the highest S% (55%) and Ask% value (0.65) among the studied species. Sisymbrium erysimoides Desf. is a diploid species with a chromosome count of 2n=2x=14, this species had six pairs of metacentric and one pair of submetacentric chromosomes, consistent with earlier findings. Sterigmostemum longistylum (Boiss.) Kuntze. was identified as diploid with a chromosome count of 2n=2x=14, and a karyotypic formula of 3m+4sm. This is the first report of both the chromosome number and karyotype details for this species. To conclude, this study presents the first reported chromosome counts for Matthiola flavida and Sterigmostemum longistylum, while confirming and detailing the chromosomal numbers and karyotypic features for several Brassicaceae species in Iran.

https://tbj.ui.ac.ir/article_28183_9662e92e8900e764365ef9a06a277d25.pdf

University of Isfahan Taxonomy and Biosystematics 3115-9001 15 55 2023 08 23 A study on floristic composition of Jaji Aryob district, Paktia province, Afghanistan مطالعه ترکیب فلوریستیکی منطقه جاجی‌آریوب، استان پکتیا، کشور افغانستان 89 110 28211 10.22108/tbj.2024.139733.1244 EN Mohammad Shafiq Adil MSc. Student in Plant Biology- Systematics, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran. Marzieh Beygom Faghir Associate Professor, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran. Asghart Zamani Assistant Professor, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran. Journal Article 2023 11 08 This study aims to identify the floristic composition, life form and geographical distribution of plants in Jaji Aryob region, located in the north of Paktia province, Afghanistan. Following the collection of plant samples from natural habitats, identification was conducted using the existing references. Based on the results, a total of 102 species belonging to 90 genera and 39 families were identified. Asteraceae, Fabaceae, Lamiaceae and Rosaceae were the four largest families within the study area. Therophytes with 36 species, phanerophytes with 27 species and hemicryptophytes with 23 were found to be the most common life forms in the study region. In terms of geographical distribution, the most dominant elements in the region were Pluriregional elements with 39 species and Irano-Turanian elements with 21 species. The study area consists of 62 common species with Iran and 71 common ones with other parts of Afghanistan. Also, one and 19 new records were reported for Afghanistan and Paktia province, respectively. The finding of this survey revealed the diverse vegetation present in the area, as well as the presence of 43 valuable medicinal species and two endemic species Colutea afghanica and Iris cabulica. Keywords: Afghanistan, Flora, Jaji Aryob, Life form, Phytogeography Introduction Vegetation is an important part of natural ecosystems. The flora of each area is a result of the interactions of the plant community with the current environmental conditions and also the evolution of plants. Investigating and evaluating the flora of each region, including determining the floristic list, biological spectrum and geographical distribution of its plant species, is important in terms of understanding biodiversity and managing natural resources. The history of floristic studies in Afghanistan dates back to the 19th century. Since then, especially in the years after the Second World War, the most comprehensive floristic study was carried out in the Iranian plateau under the title Flora Iranica, which included the entire country of Afghanistan. About 5000 plant species have been reported from this country. Unfortunately, due to the problems caused by several decades of war in Afghanistan, few floristic studies have been conducted in this country. Therefore, it is important to study its flora and vegetation from different aspects in terms of application to restore and improve vegetation, as well as to know the biodiversity of the country. Materials and Methods Jaji-Aryob county is one of the cities of Paktia province and is located near the border with Pakistan. The height of the area is between 1500 and 2900 meters above sea level. The annual rainfall ranges from 460 to 680 mm, and the annual temperature ranges from +38 to -11 °C. Samples were collected in the summer of 2022 and spring of 2023 during 17 trips to the region. The studied stations included 9 stations named Goi and Kotaki (mountainous areas), Spinashage and Gol Aundi (low altitude and mountain slopes), Shukhil, Bayankhil, Sargol, Baralisangi and Larlivani (low altitude and riverside). Identification of samples was done using different sources including Flora Iranica (Rechinger, 1963-2015), Flora of Iran (Assadi et al., 1989-2021), vascular plants of Afghanistan (Breckle et al., 2013), Flora of China (Wu et al., 1994-2013), flora of Pakistan (Nasir & Ali, 1972-1994), color flora collection of Iran (Ghahreman, 1978-2021) and flora of Turkey (Davis, 1985-1965). Validity of names of plant species or subspecies, as well as how to write the names of the authors of plant names through the International Plant Name Index at http://www.ipni.org and Plant of the Word Online (POWO) at https://powo.science.kew.org was assessed. Research Findings In the present floristic study, a total of 102 species belonging to 90 genera and 39 families were recorded. Among the identified plants, gymnosperms include three families, three genera and four species, eudicots consist of 32 families, 80 genera, 89 species, and monocots consist of four families, seven genera and nine species. The richest families based on the number of species include Asteraceae and Fabaceae (each with 13 species), Lamiaceae and Rosaceae (each with 10 species) and Brassicaceae (7 species). Regarding life form, 36 species are therophyte, 27 species are phanerophytes, 23 species are hemicryptophyte, 12 species are geophytes, and 4 are chamaephyte. In terms of phytogeography, the plants of the studied area are mainly Pluriregional (39 species). Iranian-Turanian elements are in the next rank (21 species). Discussion of Results and Conclusions In this study, one species was reported as a new record for the flora of Afghanistan, as well as 19 species for the flora of Paktia province, as well as the report of two endemic species (Colutea afghanica and Iris cabulica)). According to the results of this study, Asteraceae and Fabaceae are the richest families in the region in terms of the number of species. Also, according to previous studies (Breckle et al., 2013; Ghahremaninejad et al., 2017), these families are the largest in Afghanistan in terms of the number of genera and species. Asteraceae with about 136 genera and about 730 species are the first family and Fabaceae with about 48 genera and 655 species are the second family of Afghanistan. The predominance of the therophytes in the study area is a reflection of the dry climate and the pressure caused by human activities in the area. In addition, human intervention and creating the opportunity to develop annual plants similar to weeds in some areas, especially in shady and humid places near rivers and temporary ponds, are other effective factors in the dominance of this life form. The relatively high percentage of Iranian-Turanian floristic elements in the floristic composition of the studied area confirms the establishment of the region in the range of Iranian-Turanian phytogeographical province. Considering the prevalence of arid and semi-arid climatic conditions with low winter temperatures in the Iranian-Turanian region, the existence of a large number of such elements in the region is a reflection of this fact. On the other hand, the decrease in temperature and humidity in such areas prevents the strong presence of other geographical elements such as Euro-Siberian and Mediterranean elements in the area. Acknowledgment The authors sincerely thank Mr. Mohammad Reza Joharchi for his assistance in identifying plant taxa.

https://tbj.ui.ac.ir/article_28211_c67193822acdafbc2cc50f7ca919ee60.pdf