University of Isfahan Taxonomy and Biosystematics 3115-9001 14 51 2022 08 23 شناسنامه علمی شماره 51 شناسنامه علمی شماره 51 27308 10.22108/tbj.2022.27308 EN Journal Article 2023 02 21 https://tbj.ui.ac.ir/article_27308_20af356412a1b0074cb0130fc163c973.pdf

University of Isfahan Taxonomy and Biosystematics 3115-9001 14 51 2022 08 23 Investigating the Flora, Life Form, and Medicinal Species in the Central Part of Eastern Kiyar (between Dastgerd Imamzadeh and Shalamzar) in Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari Province بررسی فلور، شکل زیستی و گونه‌های دارویی در بخش مرکزی کیار شرقی (حد فاصل بین دستگرد امام‌زاده و شلمزار) در استان چهارمحال و بختیاری 1 24 27137 10.22108/tbj.2022.134423.1207 EN Fatemeh Amirahmadi MSc. Graduate, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Payam Noor University, Isfahan, Iran Mahdi Yousofi Associate Professor, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Payam Noor University, Isfahan, Iran Seyed Abbas Mirjalili Associate Professor, Imam Khomeini Higher Education Center, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization, Tehran, Iran Journal Article 2022 07 31 Carrying out scientific activities in various biological, agricultural, pharmaceutical, and industrial fields in a region requires knowledge of and acquaintance with its plants. The study of plant biodiversity in the Central Zagros region is important for various reasons and has recently attracted the attention of researchers. In this study, the flora of a region in Eastern Kiyar, comprising five villages located in the Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari province, was investigated. Plant specimens were collected and identified over two vegetative periods, and traits related to the biological form, as well as the vegetative area, condition, and medicinal potential of the species, were determined. The results showed that the flora of this area consists of 269 species belonging to 181 genera and 48 families. The most significant families in terms of species number were Asteraceae (51 species), Fabaceae (24 species), and Brassicaceae (23 species). The largest families in terms of the number of genera were Asteraceae (27 genera), Brassicaceae (17 genera), Poaceae (16 genera), and Lamiaceae (13 genera), respectively. The study of the frequency of vegetative forms using the Raunkiaer method in the region's flora revealed that 47% of the species were hemicryptophytes, 32% were therophytes, 12% geophytes, 6% chamophytes, and 2% phanerophytes. Additionally, 188 species (70%) belonged to the Iran-Turanian vegetation zone. Among the species, 66 were identified as medicinal, and two species were in critical conservation status. Introduction Carrying out scientific activities in various biological, agricultural, pharmaceutical, and industrial fields in a region necessitates knowledge and introduction of the plant collection in that area. The study of plant biodiversity in Central Zagros is significant from various perspectives and has recently captured researchers' attention. Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari province, due to its location, boasts high plant diversity, and numerous studies have been conducted on its flora and vegetation. However, a comprehensive study has not yet been undertaken in some of its areas. To complete the floristic studies of Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari province, the flora of five villages surrounding the Eastern Kiyar district of this province was investigated. This was done to present a complete list of species, recognize species with medicinal value, review the status of species as rare, endemic, and endangered plants, and determine the biological forms of the species. Materials and Methods In this study, the flora of the central part of Eastern Kiyar, comprising five villages – Gishnizjan, Teshniz, Dezak, Ghalae Salim, and Mousiabad – located in Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari province, was investigated. The region covers an area of approximately 25.5 square kilometers, with an average elevation of 2041.9 meters above sea level. Based on the Ombrothermic diagram of this region, about six months of the year (from mid-May to mid-October) are considered dry, during which the plants in this region face drought conditions. Plant samples were collected and identified over two vegetative periods. Additionally, traits related to the biological form as well as the vegetative area, condition, and medicinal properties of the species were determined using botanical scientific sources, including Flora Iranica and Flora of Iran. Findings Based on the survey conducted in the study area, 269 species belonging to 181 genera and 48 families were identified from 500 plant samples collected. Among these, the families Asteraceae, Brassicaceae, and Poaceae had the highest number of genera, with 27, 17, and 16 genera, respectively. The most significant families in terms of species count were Asteraceae (51 species), Fabaceae (24 species), and Brassicaceae (23 species). Of the species identified in the central part of Eastern Kiyar, 23 species (8.58%) were endemic. Furthermore, Fabaceae and Lamiaceae, each with 5 species, and Asteraceae with 3 species, were the largest endemic families in the region. Out of all plant species identified in the study area, 66 medicinal species (24.5%) belonging to 26 plant families were identified. Lamiaceae, with 13 species (19.4%), and Asteraceae, with 12 medicinal species (17.4%), were the most prominent. Rosaceae and Fabaceae each contributed 4 species (5.7 %). Ranunculaceae, Plantaginaceae, and Malvaceae each had 3 medicinal species (4.3%), Chenopodiaceae contributed 2 species (2.8%), and the remaining families each had one medicinal species. Results and Conclusion The study of the flora in the central part of Eastern Kiyar in Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari province revealed that this area, similar to other regions of the province, possesses significant species richness. The research identified 269 plant species within an area of approximately 2500 hectares. The dominant vegetative form was found to be hemicryptophytes, primarily belonging to the Iran-Turanian region. Additionally, the study introduced 32 endemic and 66 medicinal species, with two species being at a critical level in terms of conservation status.

https://tbj.ui.ac.ir/article_27137_950f27cf968a73fca3c16575b69644e0.pdf

University of Isfahan Taxonomy and Biosystematics 3115-9001 14 51 2022 08 23 A Histological Study of the Skin of the Dorsal and Ventral Areas of the Flounder Boleophthalmus dussumieri (Teleostei: Oxudercidae) in Khor Musa (Northwest of the Persian Gulf) مطالعۀ بافت‌‌شناسی پوست نواحی پشتی و شکمی گلخورک Boleophthalmus dussumieri (Teleostei: Oxudercidae) در خور موسی (شمال غربی خلیج فارس) 25 36 26943 10.22108/tbj.2022.133463.1198 EN Fahime Saberi Ph. D. Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran. fahime.saberi.1991@gmail.com Ahmad Gharzi Associate Professor, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran. Ashraf Jazayeri Assistant Professor, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran. Vahid Akmali Associate Professor, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran. Khosro Chehri Assistant Professor, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran. Journal Article 2022 05 01 Mudskippers, belonging to the Oxudercidae family, are amphibious creatures capable of spending extended periods out of water. In this study, Boleophthalmus dussumieri was sampled from Petroshimi and Jafari stations. For histological analysis, samples (3 males and females from each station) were anesthetized and fixed in Boyne's fixative solution, adhering to biological ethical principles. Subsequent tissue sectioning and H&E staining were performed. Observations made using a light microscope revealed that the epidermis consists of a stratified epithelium comprising three cell layers. The skin's dermis contained thick collagen fibers and numerous blood capillaries. In some regions, protrusions from the dermis extended into the epidermis, termed dermal protrusions. A significant difference was observed in the epidermis layer's thickness between males and females, measuring 87.97 microns in females and 74.32 microns in males. Considering the amphibious lifestyle of mudskippers, in species that are more hydrophilic, the upper and middle parts of the body, typically more exposed to air, exhibit shorter diffusion distances. Thus, it is likely that air absorption through the skin in B. dussumieri occurs predominantly in the upper body rather than in the lower parts or appendages. Introduction The term mudskipper refers to four genera - Periophthalmus, Periophthalmodon, Boleophthalmus, and Scartelaos - collectively known as fish-amphibians, each exhibiting varying degrees of adaptation to terrestrial conditions. Boleophthalmus dussumieri, a member of the Oxudercidae family, is distributed along the coasts of the Oman Sea and the Persian Gulf. Mudskippers are capable of breathing through their skin, the lining of the mouth (mucous membrane), and throat. This mode of respiration is viable when their skin is moist and wet. This type of breathing, similar to that in amphibians, is known as cutaneous or skin respiration. Various studies have been conducted on this group of fish in East Asia. To further explore this topic, the present study aimed to perform a histological investigation of the dorsal and ventral surfaces of B. dussumieri, focusing on its role in respiration. Materials and Methods In this study, several specimens of B. dussumieri were captured alive by hand during the spring season of 2020-2021 from Khor Mahshahr, located in the northwest of the Persian Gulf. The morphological index traits were verified using a reliable identification key. A 1 x 1 cm section of skin was incised from both the back and abdomen of each specimen. Conventional methods for tissue section preparation were employed. Subsequently, 5 μm thick sections were prepared and subjected to general hematoxylin-eosin (H&E) staining. For histometric studies, an optical microscope equipped with a Dino-Lite digital lens and Image J software was utilized. The measurement results were analyzed using SPSS 20 software. Results and Conclusions Microscopic observations revealed that the epidermis of B. dussumieri consists of a stratified epithelium with three cell layers: the surface layer, the middle layer, and the reproductive layer. The surface layer of the epidermis comprised several layers of flat, squamous cells, along with a significant number of intraepithelial blood capillaries near the body surface. Nucleated red blood cells in these capillaries were located close to the fish's surface. The middle layer of the epidermis contained several layers of spherical to polyhedral cells with a central nucleus, referred to as vesicular cells. The basal or germ layer consisted of several rows of cubic cells with a spherical nucleus. Additionally, the histological study indicated that the skin's dermis had thick collagen fibers. A comparison of the epidermis layer's thickness revealed a significant difference between males and females. The epidermis was thicker in females than in males. Furthermore, a significant difference was observed in the epidermis thickness between the dorsal and ventral surfaces in both sexes. However, there was no significant difference in diffusion distance between the sexes, although the average diffusion distance was smaller in females compared to males. In males, the diffusion distance varied greatly between the dorsal and ventral surfaces, whereas in females, it was significantly different only at the abdominal level. The basal layer thickness difference was significant in both areas. The thickness of the middle layer was greater in females than in males. Finally, a comparison of the external layer indicated that its thickness on the abdominal part of males differed significantly from that on the abdominal surface. The tissue section comparison in B. dussumieri populations suggested that adaptation to dry conditions affected the thickness and structure of the epidermis, as well as the distribution, abundance, and function of the capillaries within it. The presence of skin protrusions in B. dussumieri reduced the outer layer of the epidermis. This finding aligns with other studies where dermal protrusions were observed in all Boleophthalmus and Scartelaos genera within the epidermis structure. Given the amphibious lifestyle of these gill-feeding fishes, species that are more hydrophilic typically have smaller diffusion distances in the upper and middle body parts, which are often exposed to air. The genera Periophthalmus and Periophthalmodon, known for direct skin respiration through air, are considered air-breathing fish. Adaptations such as a thicker epidermis, well-developed vascularization, fewer blood capillaries, and reduced diffusion distance may facilitate dermal respiration, enabling survival in poorly oxygenated water during dry seasons. Funding This study was funded by the Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran.

https://tbj.ui.ac.ir/article_26943_d2bda1eb42f1f7fc2f7d5fa2291e390f.pdf

University of Isfahan Taxonomy and Biosystematics 3115-9001 14 51 2022 08 23 Investigating the Relationships between Habitat Parameters and Species Diversity of Carabidae (Coleoptera: Carabidae): A Case Study of Alborz Province, Iran ارتباط بین پارامترهای زیستگاهی و تنوع گونه‌ای سخت‌بال‌پوشان خانوادۀ کارابیده (Coleoptera: Carabidae)، مطالعۀ موردی استان البرز 37 50 26318 10.22108/tbj.2021.130291.1174 EN Arash Eshkoob MSc Student, Department of Environment and Forest, Faculty of Natural Resources and Environment, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran. Jamasb Nozari Associate Professor, Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran Soheil Eagderi Associate Professor, Department of Fisheries, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran Journal Article 2021 08 29 This study aimed to investigate the effects of physical factors on the diversity of Carabidae species (Coleoptera: Carabidae) in three regions of Karaj, Eshtehard, and Taleghan in Alborz Province, Iran. During 2015-2016, sampling was conducted using pitfall traps along with the measurement of physical factors. These factors included elevation, slope, direction, precipitation, temperature, soil texture, soil grain size, and vegetation percentage at each study station. In total, 329 specimens comprising 38 species were identified across the three study areas. The relationships between species diversity index (Shannon's Diversity Index) and the studied factors were examined using Pearson and Spearman tests. Furthermore, the impact of habitat physical parameters on the diversity of Carabidae species was analyzed using Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA). The study findings indicated no significant relationship between the Shannon-Wiener Index and the studied parameters (p<0.05). Species diversity was influenced by temperature, and the three parameters of altitude, soil texture, and soil grain size in Karaj; the four parameters of direction, slope, precipitation, and vegetation percentage in Eshtehard; and Taleghan, respectively.

https://tbj.ui.ac.ir/article_26318_178e59263073bce0fe030aed63277560.pdf

University of Isfahan Taxonomy and Biosystematics 3115-9001 14 51 2022 08 23 An Anatomical, Micro-Morphological, and Ecological Study of Acantholimon cymosum (Plumbaginaceae) Endemic to Iran مطالعۀ تشریحی، ریزریخت‌‌شناختی و بوم‌شناختی گونۀ Acantholimon cymosum (Plumbaginaceae)، انحصاری ایران 51 68 27166 10.22108/tbj.2022.134562.1210 EN Fatemeh Rabizadeh Assistant Professor, Department of Biology Farzanegan Campus, Semnan University, Semnan, Iran Fatemeh Sadat Nasrollahi Ph. D. Graduate, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Qom, Qom, Iran Journal Article 2022 08 02 The species Acantholimon cymosum, known in Persian as Gypsophil Kolah Mirhasan or Cyme Kolah Mirhasan, is endemic to Iran and has a limited distribution in the gypsum soils of the west and northwest of Semnan. To understand the adaptability of the A. cymosum, sampling of soil and plants, along with the collection of ecological data, was conducted in the west of Semnan. Sulfate crystals, in the form of idioblasts, were observed in the parenchyma of the cortex, leaves, and stems. Factors such as calcium sulfate, altitude, and soil texture had a positive effect, while soil salinity and calcium carbonate had a negative effect on the distribution of A. cymosum. Introduction Gypsum soils are among the most widespread unique substrates globally (Kayabas, 2020). Iran's gypsum habitats are significant reserves of biodiversity, harboring exclusive and rare species. Often, the uniqueness of plants in these habitats is attributed to their morphological, anatomical, and ecological adaptations (Bolukbasi et al., 2016). Species growing in gypsum soils exhibit diverse morphological characteristics. The species Acantholimon cymosum Bunge is exclusive to Iran and has been reported in the gypsum soils of the west and northwest of Semnan and Tehran (Assadi, 2005; Rechinger, 1974). The aim of this study was to investigate the ecological conditions of A. cymosum in the gypsum areas west of Semnan and to analyze the relationship between environmental factors and gypsum soils in relation to the morphological, anatomical, and micromorphological features of the species. This study represents the first comprehensive examination of this exclusive species. Materials and Methods The study area was situated in the northern regions of Iran's renowned Dasht-e Kavir, encompassing three areas in the west of Semnan. Accordingly, maps depicting the habitats of the A. cymosum species in Iran and particularly in Semnan were prepared. To understand the adaptability of the A. cymosum species, sampling of soil and plants, along with the collection of ecological data, was conducted in the west of Semnan across an area of 32,000 hectares. This involved 55 stations spaced 500 meters apart. Furthermore, the contents of gypsum, calcium (Ca), potassium (K), sodium (Na), magnesium (Mg), and calcium carbonate (CaCO3) were measured using standard methods. Spearman's correlation coefficient was employed to analyze the relationship between descriptive variables, and ordination analyses were conducted to explore the ecological relationships, as well as soil and topography factors. Funding Acantholimon cymosum, endemic to Iran, is a perennial plant characterized by cushion-shaped bushes averaging 30 cm in diameter, dull green in color with white spots or dots, numerous stems with relatively long branches, and prickly leaves. The leaves are three-sided, hard, pointed, and rough, with an ovate-lanceolate and raised apex. The inflorescence is cyme, with 5 continuous white flowers. Anatomical examination of the leaf blade and inflorescence stem sections of A. cymosum revealed thick sclerenchyma tissue around the wood and phloem vessels, and calcium sulfate crystals in the form of idioblasts in the parenchyma of the leaf and inflorescence stem. The leaf's anatomical features suggest adaptations to arid conditions. Due to various factors, including the subtropical climate in summer and low rainfall in the central and southern parts, Semnan is a dry region with scanty rainfall. The analysis of the environmental factors of the A. cymosum habitats in the study area indicated that the average elevation of this species' habitat was about 1600 meters above sea level. The soil texture in the areas where A. cymosum grows predominantly consisted of sand (73% on average). The average soil pH and electrical conductivity (EC) were 7.58 and 2.62, respectively. The average lime content in the species' vegetative soils was 8%, and the gypsum content was 15%. The average species density was 0.12 m2, species abundance was 65%, and A. cymosum species cover was 23%. Results and Conclusion The terms eco-morphological traits and structural characteristics refer to the features of organisms that play a specific adaptive role in relation to environmental conditions (Loidi, 2018). Many plants in unique ecosystems, such as chalk and serpentine soils, exhibit micro-morphological adaptations. Escudero and colleagues (2015) noted that plants in chalk environments develop particular adaptations in their morphological and ecological characteristics. One adaptation identified in this study was the presence of crystals in the leaf hairs. Prior research has documented the presence of gypsum crystals and calcium oxalate inside the leaf cells of gypsum plants (Palacio et al., 2014). The accumulation of gypsum inside the cell vacuole has been suggested as a detoxification strategy for species native to gypsum soils. Although intracellular crystals were not observed in this study, the presence of crystals in hairs may also act as a detoxification mechanism. In the gypsum areas where A. cymosum grows, the dry season is prolonged and drought intensity is high. To mitigate or reduce water loss during the dry period, plants like A. cymosum exhibit morphological and anatomical adaptations in their vegetative structure. This study found that A. cymosum has a thickened cortex, dense leaf hairs, increased succulence (leading to enhanced water retention), and a well-developed root system, all indicative of an adaptation to dry conditions, exemplified by a dry rhizome structure. Ecological factors, including soil and climatic conditions, played a significant role in the adaptation of this species. Additionally, a strong association was noted between gypsum species in the west of Semnan, particularly between A. cymosum and Astragalus semnanensis. Altitudinal factors, calcium sulfate, and soil sand texture positively influenced the distribution of A. cymosum, while soil salinity and lime content had a negative impact.

https://tbj.ui.ac.ir/article_27166_e58e98ad9520d1bff5434e106cd9f6e3.pdf

University of Isfahan Taxonomy and Biosystematics 3115-9001 14 51 2022 08 23 Phylogenetic Position of the Barnacle Chelonibia testudinaria Linnaeus, 1758 from the Persian Gulf تبارزایی جمعیت گونۀ کشتی‌‌چسبChelonibia testudinaria Linnaeus 1758 از خلیج فارس 69 76 27220 10.22108/tbj.2022.134207.1205 EN Nooshin Ospid MSc Student, Department of Marine Biology, Faculty of Marine Science and Technology, University of Hormozgan, Bandar Abbas, Iran Yaser Fatemi Ph. D. Graduate of Marine Biology, Faculty of Marine Science and Technology, University of Hormozgan, Bandar Abbas, Iran Mohammad Sharif Ranjbar Associate Professor, Department of Marine Biology, Faculty of Marine Science and Technology, University of Hormozgan, Bandar Abbas, Iran Adnan Shahdadi Associate Professor, Department of Marine Biology, Faculty of Marine Sciences and Technology, University of Hormozgan, Bandar Abbas, Iran Journal Article 2022 07 05 Chelonibia testudinaria, a globally widespread epibiont barnacle, has been the subject of previous phylogenetic studies which revealed that specimens of this species fall into three separate clades. One clade includes specimens from the Eastern Pacific, another encompasses specimens from the West and East Atlantic, and the third contains specimens from the Western Pacific and Southeast Asia. The current study aimed to investigate the phylogenetic position of C. testudinaria specimens from the Persian Gulf using the mitochondrial COX1 gene. The results indicated that specimens from the Persian Gulf clustered with those from Southeast Asia, including Taiwan, Malaysia, Singapore, and Japan, in a well-supported clade. This finding suggests that the widespread distribution of this species in the Indo-West Pacific may have been facilitated by sea turtles. Introduction The Indo-West Pacific region is renowned for its high marine biodiversity (Roberts et al., 2002; Wafar et al., 2011). Landmasses such as the Malay Peninsula and Sumatra Island have divided this oceanic region into two areas: east and west. Phylogenetic studies on species complexes (e.g., Ragionieri et al., 2009; Lai et al., 2010; Bowen et al., 2016) have confirmed genetic isolation between the two sides of these land barriers in the Indo-West Pacific. Chelonibia testudinaria Linnaeus, 1758, a globally widespread epibiont barnacle, is found attached to the carapaces of crabs and sea turtles (Rawson et al., 2003). Previous phylogenetic studies have shown that specimens of this species fall into three separate clades: one with specimens from the Eastern Pacific, another including specimens from the West and East Atlantic, and a third with specimens from the Western Pacific and Southeast Asia (Cheang et al., 2013). This species is also common in the Persian Gulf and the Gulf of Oman (Shahdadi et al., 2014). Consequently, this study aimed to investigate the phylogenetic position of C. testudinaria from the Persian Gulf using a mitochondrial marker. Materials and Methods Specimens of the swimming crab, Portunus segnis, were collected by a local fisherman from the coastal area of Bandar Abbas in the Persian Gulf, Iran. C. testudinaria specimens were removed from the carapaces of two crabs and preserved in 96% ethanol. Genomic DNA was isolated using the Puregene method. A fragment of the mitochondrial protein-coding gene cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (COX1) was amplified by polymerase chain reactions (PCRs). To amplify a 670 bp segment of the COX1 gene, corresponding to the commonly used barcoding region, the Folmer primers LCO1490 and HCO2198 (Folmer, 1994) were utilized. In addition to the sequences from the Persian Gulf specimens, homologous sequences of this species from GenBank (NCBI) were also included in the phylogenetic analyses. Chelonibia caretta was used as an outgroup for this analysis. Phylogenetic tree reconstruction was performed using a Maximum Likelihood (ML) algorithm with the software raxmlGUI (Silvestro & Michalak, 2012). Results and Conclusion In total, 58 sequences of C. testudinaria were analyzed in this phylogenetic study. Nine sequences were obtained from the Persian Gulf, while the remaining were sourced from GenBank and originated from various regions. In line with previous studies (Rawson et al., 2009; Cheang et al., 2013), the ML tree identified three distinct clades for C. testudinaria globally: the Eastern Pacific clade, the Atlantic clade (including western and Mediterranean sequences), and the West Pacific clade (encompassing sequences from Southeast Asia). The results showed that specimens from the Persian Gulf clustered with those from Southeast Asia, including Taiwan, Malaysia, Singapore, and Japan, in a well-supported clade. The widespread distribution of this species in the Indo-West Pacific region appears to have been facilitated by sea turtles.

https://tbj.ui.ac.ir/article_27220_144ba96046c453a504175729797de620.pdf

University of Isfahan Taxonomy and Biosystematics 3115-9001 14 51 2022 08 23 Some Nomenclatural Notes on Allium atroviolaceum (Amaryllidaceae) from Iran یادداشتی بر نام‌گذاری Allium atroviolaceum (Amaryllidaceae) در ایران 77 86 27065 10.22108/tbj.2022.135211.1213 EN Kazem Negaresh Assistant Professor, Department of Horticultural Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University of Khuzestan, Mollasani, Iran Mohammad Reza Zare-Bavani Assistant Professor, Department of Horticultural Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University of Khuzestan, Mollasani, Iran Maede Neisi MA Student, Department of Horticultural Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University of Khuzestan, Mollasani, Iran Journal Article 2022 09 21 Allium, one of the largest genera of the Amaryllidaceae family, is widely distributed across the world. Iran is a primary center of diversity for the genus Allium, with 7 subgenera and 30 sections identified in its flora. Despite various taxonomic and phylogenetic studies, there have been few nomenclature studies on the genus Allium. The present study, guided by the International Code of Nomenclature, undertook a thorough examination of Allium species. It was determined that Allium atroviolaceum Boiss. (1846) is an illegitimate name, as it is a later homonym of Allium atroviolaceum Hornem. ex Steud. (1840). Consequently, the name Allium sehat-niakii Negaresh nom. nov. is proposed here as a replacement for Allium atroviolaceum Boiss. Additionally, this study presents a note on the previous typifications of Allium atroviolaceum. It is also noted that Allium atroviolaceum var. angustifolium Boiss. is a forgotten taxon within the Iranian flora. This study treats it as an extant taxon, introducing a new combination (i.e., Allium sehat-niakii var. angustifolium (Boiss.) Negaresh) for the flora of Iran. Introduction The Amaryllidaceae family, one of the largest in the monocot plants, encompasses about 75 genera and 1600 species, distributed in tropical to subtropical regions of the world. The genus Allium L., with approximately 900 species, is globally distributed, having its primary center of diversity in Southwest Asia, particularly in Iran. Accordingly, 7 subgenera and 30 sections of this genus are recognized in the flora of Iran. The nomenclatural study of the genus Allium, in accordance with the International Code of Nomenclature (ICN), revealed that Allium atroviolaceum Boiss. (1846) is an illegitimate name, as it is a later homonym of Allium atroviolaceum Hornem. ex Steud. (1840). In this study, to clarify the use of this taxon, a valid name is proposed and a note on its typification is presented. Additionally, it was found that Allium atroviolaceum var. angustifolium Boiss. is a forgotten taxon in the Iranian flora. Materials and Methods The purpose of the international rules of plant nomenclature is to organize past nomenclature and provide rules for future naming. According to these rules, conflicting names cannot be maintained. In the present study, following the mentioned rules, species of the genus Allium were examined for compliance with nomenclatural standards. This nomenclatural study was based on the latest international botanical meeting held in Shenzhen, China, in 2018, resulting in the 19th "International Code of Nomenclature" published by Turland et al. in 2018. Results and Conclusion The name Allium atroviolaceum was first published by Steudel in 1840. Subsequently, Boissier (1846) published a species under the same name. According to the International Code of Nomenclature (Art. 53.1; Turland et al. 2018), Steudel's usage is legitimate, and Allium atroviolaceum Boiss. is an illegitimate later homonym. Therefore, the replacement name Allium sehat-niakii is proposed here. When Boissier described Allium atroviolaceum var. angustifolium in 1854, he cited "prope urbem Tehran, Kotschy 449" as the type locality, indicating its distribution in Iran. The type specimens observed by the authors confirm that two specimens collected by Kotschy from Iran are present in the Geneva (G) and Paris (P) herbaria. Thus, Allium atroviolaceum var. angustifolium is a variety reported for the flora of Iran, which Wendelbo (1971) overlooked in Flora Iranica and is now reported again. Var. angustifolium differs from var. atroviolaceum by having narrower leaves. In this study, the angustifolium variety is transferred to Allium sehat-niakii. With this rediscovery, A. sehat-niakii now includes two varieties: var. sehat-niakii and var. angustifolium. Boissier described Allium atroviolaceum in 1846 based on Kotschy's collection 450. A review of various herbaria revealed that fourteen plant samples belong to Kotschy 450 (BM000958288, FI012000, G00164986, G-DC (G00164987), G00164988, GOET000718, K000464376, L0041350, LE00010808, LE00010809, MO-149473, P00601093, P00601092, and P00747749). In Flora Iranica, the G herbarium specimen is considered the type. However, there are three specimens related to Kotschy 450 collection in the G herbarium. Khorasani et al. (2018) designated specimen G00164986 as the lectotype but overlooked Wendelbo (1971) earlier, albeit incomplete, typification. Therefore, based on the International Code of Nomenclature (Art. 9.15), Wendelbo (1971) typification should be regarded as the initial lectotype determination, and Khorasani et al. (2018) typification as the subsequent lectotype determination.

https://tbj.ui.ac.ir/article_27065_2d31843bad66a8332333bc20cbc5e58d.pdf